P-ISSN: 2808-0467
E-ISSN: 2808-5051
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PARIS AGREEMENT 2015: FORMULATING INDONESIA’S EFFORTS
AND CHALLENGES IN FACING CLIMATE CHANGE
Muhammad Faiz Adzani Rizkiawan
1
, Andria Luhur Prakoso
2
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Indonesia
1
faizadzani97@gmail.com
2
alp120@ums.ac.id
PAPER INFO ABSTRACT
Received: March
2022
Revised: April
2022
Approved: April
2022
Background: The Paris Agreement and the rules referring to the agreement
play a role in addressing climate change need to implement Indonesian NDCs
in every sector in legislation to implement Indonesia's contribution
commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions as mitigation efforts in
the face of climate change that adversely affects the environment and
humanity.
Aim: The Paris Agreement and the rules referring to the agreement play a
role in addressing climate change need to implement Indonesian NDCs in
every sector in legislation to implement Indonesia's contribution commitment
to reducing greenhouse gas emissions as mitigation efforts in the face of
climate change that adversely affects the environment and humanity.
Method: Space must be organized in a way that is still based on
environmental functions and development or land use must be based on the
notion of sustainable development, and energy transition initiatives must
begin as soon as possible.
Findings: The need for spatial arrangements that remain based on
environmental functions and development or land use must be based on the
concept of sustainable development and energy transition efforts must be
prepared as soon as possible.
KEYWORDS
climate change; Paris agreement; environment
INTRODUCTION
The concentration of greenhouse gas emissions in the world every year is always an
increase in one of the causes of the magnitude of human activities. Over the past few decades,
the penetration of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere such as carbon dioxide, methane,
nitrous oxide, and other greenhouse gases has increased rapidly as human activities in making
ends meet. The contained heat energy from greenhouse gases reflected by the Earth and
allowing solar radiation to penetrate the atmosphere has resulted in a rise in average
temperatures globally that has an impact on global warming. Since the late 19th century, the
average temperature on the Earth's surface has increased by about one degree Fahrenheit or by
0.6 degrees Celsius, while the combination of sea temperature and land temperature in 2000
was 0.29 degrees Celsius compared to the global average temperature in 1961-1990 (Cahyo,
2010).
Global warming has caused climate change in the world that has negative impacts such as
accelerating the liquidation of glaciers and icebergs in the earth's polar regions, rising sea
levels, the potential for inundating low-lying areas, in addition to causing thicker layers of rich
house gases in the Earth's atmosphere and the higher heat radiation rebounding power.
Greenhouse gas emissions that have the most impact on global warming are Carbon Dioxide
Gas (CO2) by 50% compared to other greenhouse gases such as CFCs by 20%, CHt by 15%,
O3 by 8%, and NOx by 7%. In addition, water vapor is also included in greenhouse gases but
Paris Agreement 2015: Formulating Indonesia’s Efforts and Challenges in Facing Climate Change
851 Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 1(7), Apr 2022
water is considered a natural substance that occurs naturally so water is not included in the
cause of climate change by global warming (Cahyo, 2010).
Climate change is a major challenge for the countries of the world although it is not a new
thing because since millions of years ago the global climate is always changing, where some
areas of the world are today relatively warmer than in the past because it is a cold region
covered by ice. However, climate change that occurred over the past few decades is not a
natural event that occurs due to natural interactions but because of human hands. The industrial
revolution marks all development progress due to mass production tools used in meeting the
needs of mankind which include causing serious impacts on climate change such as the
consequences of massive burning of coal, the use of oil in the industrial energy sector, and
transportation, and the burning or clearing of forests.
Based on scientific data from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) the
global average temperature of the Earth's surface (land and oceans) increased by 0.85o C in the
period 1880 to 2021 (Hari, 2019). The IPCC estimates that the global average temperature will
increase by 1.8
o
C to 4
o
C by 2100 compared to the global average temperature in 1980-1999.
When drawn to the period before the industrial revolution in 1750, the global average
temperature rose from 2.5
o
C to 4.7
o
C (Ridha, 2016). Rising global average temperatures that
increase every year will further exacerbate future climate change not only to the environment
but can also threaten the lives of humanity if not accompanied by efforts to control it.
Countries around the world have realized that the industrial revolution that has produced
various kinds of conveniences and advances in supporting human activities has a negative
impact that becomes a problem such as a climate change whose impact can be felt globally.
The Earth Summit in Rio De Janerio, Brazil on June 4, 1992, has become a milestone for
countries in the world in dealing with climate change by signing the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The UNFCCC has the main goal of stabilizing the
concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to a level that is not harmful. In the
UNFCCC there are sections for controlling climate change such as the Conference of the
Parties (COP) or the Meeting of the Parties which is the highest decision-maker in the
UNFCCC and there are Conferences of the Parties serving as the meeting of parties to the
Protocol Kyoto (CMP).
UNFCCC has organized many COP to adjust the development that occurred, recorded in
a period of 19 years from 1996 to 2015 COP has been held 21 times (Pramudianto, 2016).
Indonesia is one of the countries that form the beginning has been involved in efforts to
overcome climate change by binding itself to the UNFCCC and ratifying it with Law No. 6 of
1994 on the Ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. In
its development, cop UNFCCC has produced 2 main provisions related to climate change,
namely in the 2nd COP produced the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change or Kyoto Protocol which divides countries into two categories
namely annex 1 for developed countries and annex 2 for other developing countries and in the
21st COP resulted in the Paris Agreement or Paris Agreement, Where Indonesia is involved
in both.
The Paris Agreement is the latest provision of the UNFCCC for all states parties and is a
continuation of the Kyoto Protocol which has two basic objectives in addressing climate
change, namely holding the increase in global warming below 2° C above pre-industrialization
Paris Agreement 2015: Formulating Indonesia’s Efforts and Challenges in Facing Climate Change
852 Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 1(7), Apr 2022
temperatures and continuing efforts to reduce temperature increases to 1.5o C (Ridha, 2016).
Indonesia ratified the Paris Agreement into national law with Law No. 16 of 2016 on the
Ratification of the Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change or one year after the implementation of the 21st COP. The parties including Indonesia
are given an obligation in the Paris Agreement that each party is required to submit nationally
determined contributions (NDC) to the UNFCCC which contains what contributions will be
made by a country nationally in addressing climate change. Indonesia set the NDC target in the
first period, namely reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 29% by its efforts or business as
usual (BAU) and reached 41% if there is international cooperation from conditions without
action to Indonesia by 2030. Indonesia's targeted sectors to meet the NDC targets are the
forestry and energy sectors including transportation, waste, industrial processes, the use of
products, and agriculture (UNFCCC, 2015).
Although Indonesia is a party to the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement, in its policy it
still has not fully made efforts to overcome climate change because it cannot be denied
Indonesia is still dependent on the use of fossil energy in the energy sector such as electricity,
industry, and transportation. Recorded in May 2020, the use of coal in electricity production in
Indonesia still dominates 63.92% of primary energy consumption. From data released by the
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, in 2028 it is predicted that greenhouse gas
emissions from the entire power plant will double to 351.3 million tons of CO2, and power
plants that utilize coal by 301 million tons of CO2 or 86% of the total power plant
(Mongabay.co.id, 2020)." In addition, Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021 on the
Implementation and Protection of Environmental Management has revoked or removed coal
ash (Fly ash and bottom ash) from the category of hazardous and toxic waste materials (B3) to
loosen the management and use of coal.
Based on the above description, the author is interested in discussing how Indonesia's
efforts as a party to the Paris Agreement to address climate change and what are the challenges
facing Indonesia in realizing it. The purpose of this paper is theoretically expected to be a paper
on thinking for legal science in addressing climate change and practically expected to provide
an initial picture for FH Unpad Undergraduate Students in particular in looking at problems
related to climate change.
METHOD
This research used the qualitative approach and literature study method. The researchers
used various documents and other sources to generate the data. The sources discuss the
implementation of the Paris Agreement and REDD in Indonesia.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Indonesia's Efforts in the Implementation of NDC to Address Climate Change
The IPCC in its 2013 report stated that there has been ample evidence of climate change
in the world such as rising average temperatures on land, oceans, and atmosphere and melting
ice at the poles of changes in snow-covered regions, sea-level rise, and changes in the quantity
of water vapor in the atmosphere. Global warming and climate change are different terms from
each other although they remain related in stating an ongoing situation. Global warming is the
increase in average temperature in the last hundred years based on the Earth's climate system
Paris Agreement 2015: Formulating Indonesia’s Efforts and Challenges in Facing Climate Change
853 Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 1(7), Apr 2022
and its effects while climate change can be interpreted as changes in average weather patterns
that occur over a relatively long period and affect the earth's climate globally (Hari, 2019).
The UNFCCC is the governing body that resulted from the organization of the Earth
Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. The UNFCCC is a form of awareness and agreement of
countries in the world on climate change that can damage the environment and threaten the
lives of humanity as a whole. The UNFCCC aims to stabilize the concentration of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere at a harmless rate in the climate system. In carrying out its duties, the
UNFCCC organizes the COP to take decisions by the relevant parties on the developments and
changes that occur in the face of climate change. Climate change can aggravate various climate
problems that already exist in Indonesia such as floods, long droughts, strong winds, landslides,
and forest fires (UNDP Indonesia, 2007).
The 21
st
COP held in Paris, France from November 30, 2015, to December 12, 2015, has
produced the Paris Agreement. According to Maljean Dobius, the Paris Agreement is a
provision that is a substitute for the Kyoto Protocol so that the Paris Agreement must remain
within the framework of the UNFCCC to control climate change globally (Pramudianto, 2016).
The Paris Agreement is an implementing rule based on the principle of justice under which
shared responsibilities are distinguished and adjusted based on the capabilities of each country
with consideration of the country's national situation. As contained in the Kyoto Protocol which
divides countries into 2 groups, namely Annex 1 countries that are developed countries and
annex 2 countries that are developing countries, in the Paris Agreement against developing
countries that are vulnerable to the negative impacts of climate change, it is given specificities
related to funding and technology transfer from developed countries.
The UNFCCC through the Paris Agreement has 2 basic objectives, namely to hold the
increase in global temperatures below 2
o
C from the level above pre-industrialization levels
and continue efforts to reduce the rise in global temperatures to 1.5o C above the average
temperature in the pre-industrialization period as contained in Article 2 paragraph 1 letter b of
the Paris Agreement (Zuhir, Nurlinda, Imami, & Idris, 2017). In fulfilling the two basic
objectives of the Paris Agreement, Article 3 of the Paris Agreement provides an obligation for
the parties to submit nationally determined contributions (NDCs). The NDCs are a statement
from one country to contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the face of climate
change submitted to the UNFCCC about what contingency will be done. This provision is the
basis for states parties to their contribution commitments in the way of implementation to
control climate change, where the contribution is carried out in each country and must increase
in each period, in addition to developing countries being given specificity with support by other
states parties in increasing such contributions.
The Paris Agreement articulates two long-term emissions objectives: cutting greenhouse
gas emissions as soon as possible to reach peaking or global peaking and neutralizing
greenhouse gas emissions between the balance of anthropogenic emissions and uptake from
sinks and greenhouse gas emissions. The sink is an alternative in terms of decarbonization and
climate neutrality in protecting and increasing the reservoir and storage of greenhouse gas
emissions (Zuhir et al., 2017). Countries categorized as developed countries are given an
obligation that is funding to help developing countries realize mitigation and adaptation efforts
in climate change control, but this is not limited to developed countries and others can also
help with voluntary funding. Indonesia was one of the countries involved from the beginning
Paris Agreement 2015: Formulating Indonesia’s Efforts and Challenges in Facing Climate Change
854 Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 1(7), Apr 2022
of the establishment of the UNFCCC and became a country that binds itself to the Paris
Agreement to the UNFCCC by signing and ratifying the Agreement into national law.
Based on the principle of pacta sunt servanda, Indonesia has become a legally certified
state with the provisions contained in the Paris Agreement. In implementing the Paris
Agreement, Indonesia based on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities is
obliged to implement the commitments stipulated in the Paris Agreement in dealing with
Climate Change (Sofia, 2019).
As a result of Indonesia being legally bound by the Paris Agreement, Indonesia must
establish the NDCs that must be carried out to contribute to climate change which is the goal
of the Paris Agreement. In the NDC there are mitigation and adaptation action plans to deal
with climate change as integrity in building resilience to maintain food, water, and energy
resources. This NDC is divided into 2, namely NDC which is a contribution made with the
country's capabilities and contributions with international assistance. Indonesia in its NDC is
committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions or mitigation efforts in the face of climate
change by 29% with its capabilities or Business as Usual (BAU) and up to 41% if there is
international cooperation and assistance by 2030.
The Indonesian NDC in mitigation efforts detailed what sectors and the proportion of
contributions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 29% of its capabilities by 2030, namely
the forestry sector by 17.2%, energy by 11%, agriculture by 0.32%, industry by 0.10% and
waste by 0.38%. In addition to mitigation efforts, Indonesia also explained its commitment to
adaptation efforts, namely improving economic resilience, social resilience and livelihood
sources, ecosystem and landscape resilience, and conditioning in climate resilience (Ditjen PPI,
2017).
In realizing NDC in Indonesia, the regulated strategy is divided into 9 programs from
preparation to the final stage including review and renewal of NDC commitment for the next
period, namely ownership development and commitment; capacity building; enabling
environment; the preparation of frameworks and communication networks; policy of one
greenhouse gas data; the preparation of policies, plans, and intervention programs; the
preparation of NDC implementation guidelines; implementation of NDC; and monitoring and
review of NDC (Ditjen PPI KemenLHK, 2021).
Indonesia is one of the three countries that have large tropical rainforest areas in the world,
therefore the forestry sector is one of the largest sectors in Indonesia's NDC as a mitigation
effort against climate change. This is also because deforestation in Indonesia contributes to an
increase in greenhouse gas emissions of 18 percent or equivalent to 5.8 billion tons of Co2 in
the atmosphere every year in the world (Ilmiah, 2017). In the 12 years from 2000 to 2012, there
has been deforestation of Indonesia's forest area of 15.79 million hectares, of which 6.02
million hectares or 38.13% is deforestation that occurs in primary forests. This deforestation
rate continues to increase every year, in 2021 alone the rate of primary forest deforestation
reached 0.84 million hectares when compared to Brazil as the country with the highest tropical
deforestation, Indonesia is still higher than the rate of deforestation in primary forests in Brazil
(Nahib & Suwarno, 2017).
At the 11
th
COP in Montreal, the concept of REDD (Reducing Emissions From
Deforestation) was born, especially for developing countries experiencing a very large rate of
deforestation. Then in the 13th COP in Bali, the concept was refined by adding forest
Paris Agreement 2015: Formulating Indonesia’s Efforts and Challenges in Facing Climate Change
855 Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 1(7), Apr 2022
degradation in mitigation efforts so that it became REDD (Reducing Emissions From
Deforestation and Forest Degradation). In its development, the concept of REDD is better
known as REDD+ because of the inclusion of forest conservation in this concept. The concept
of REDD+ is an important concept for Indonesia because it is one of the countries that have
the largest forests and every year there are cases of deforestation. Explicitly REDD+ is
contained in Article 5 paragraph 1 where all states parties must support reducing greenhouse
gas emissions and in the next paragraph REDD+ is the most significant part of reducing
emissions (Sofia, 2019).
REDD+ has two important dimensions: vertical dimensions which are the whole concept
of reducing emissions and increasing carbon sequestration, a series of policies or actions in
meeting this goal and in the process involving all parties, and horizontal dimensions which are
local, subnational, national, and global actions in mitigation efforts to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions from deforestation and degradation in forests and increase forest carbon levels in
several areas. A developing country that still has a lot of forests. In addition, REDD+ provides
funding to developing countries in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from forest land due to
deforestation, degradation, and burning of forests by developed countries or international
cooperation (Universitas Padjajaran, 2021).
As an effort to mitigate Indonesia in implementing REDD+ and running the Indonesian
NDC of 17.2% in the forest sector there is a Regulation of the Minister of Environment and
Forestry Number p.70/MenLHK /SETJEN/KUM.1/12.2017 which regulates the procedures for
the implementation of REDD + (Peraturan Menteri Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan
Republik Indonesia, 2017). This provision is a result of the long road that has been passed,
starting in October 2009 President SBY conveyed Indonesia's commitment to reduce CO2
emissions by 26% through his efforts and to 41% if there is international cooperation and
assistance. A year later, President SBY issued Presidential Decree No. 19 of 2010 which
established a REDD+ task force so that the implementation of REDD+ in Indonesia can run
well. Then in 2011, a progressive measure was issued in which the President issued Presidential
Decree No. 10 of 2011 which stipulated that Indonesia delay the issuance of permits for the
use of primary natural forests and peatlands for 2 years (Ditjen PPI KemenLHK, 2021).
In the second sector in the NDC Indonesia targets an 11% reduction in energy emissions.
This is because Indonesia is still dependent on the use of fossil energy, such as power plants
using coal and transportation using oil fuels. Recorded in May 2020, the use of coal in
electricity production in Indonesia still dominates 63.92% of primary energy use so the
emissions from coal use are still relatively high. Based on data from Korlantas Polri, the
number of oil-fueled vehicles operating throughout Indonesia has always increased to 104.211
million units, which is up by 12% from the previous year (Ismiyati, Marlita, & Saidah, 2014).
When viewed from data from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, transportation
sector GHG emissions became the second largest contributor of emissions after power
generation in 2015, where the transportation sector produced GHG emissions of 137.94 million
tons of CO2 (Data Center and Information Technology of Energy and Mineral Resources,
2016).
In this energy sector, Indonesia makes efforts to transition energy such as using renewable
energy on a small scale, the utilization of small-scale biogas, the use of solar power in public
resources such as street lighting, and green buildings in cities (IESR, 2021). In addition, the
Paris Agreement 2015: Formulating Indonesia’s Efforts and Challenges in Facing Climate Change
856 Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 1(7), Apr 2022
Draft Law on Renewable Energy is being discussed to be agreed upon and passed by the
President, Chairman of Commission VII of the House of Representatives Sugeng stated that
the EBT Bill has become part of the National Legislation Program (Proglenas) and has
prepared an academic and legal draft of the EBT Bill to be discussed (Nasional.kontan.co.id,
2021). This energy transition is of course expected to reduce the number of greenhouse gas
emissions in the energy sector and realize Indonesia's NDC efforts.
Challenges Faced by Indonesia in Fulfilling the NDC
Indonesia is a legally bound country by the Paris Agreement in dealing with climate
change. In Indonesia’s NDC in contributing to mitigation efforts to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions by 29% with its capabilities or business as usual (BAU) by 2030, namely the forestry
sector by 17.2%, energy by 11%, agriculture by 0.32%, industry by 0.10% and waste by 0.38%
and if there are international assistance or cooperation Indonesia’s contribution target increases
by 41%. In addition to mitigation efforts, Indonesia also explained its commitment to
adaptation efforts, namely improving economic resilience, social resilience and livelihood
sources, ecosystem and landscape resilience, and conditioning in climate resilience. In
Indonesia's efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions there are several challenges and
obstacles, where between the environment and the economy is often a tug of war and clash.
This is seen in the results of investigations conducted by Forensic Architecture and
Greenpeace, namely the clearing of forest land by burning land for the deliberate expansion of
oil palm land in Papua amounting to more than 57,000 hectares by the Conglomerate of
Korindo palm oil companies (BBC Indonesia, 2021). In terms of realizing REDD+ which is
the concept of reducing emissions in the forestry sector and is the largest sector in the
Indonesian NDC there are still some challenges as released by the Directorate General of PPI,
namely (Ditjen PPI KemenLHK, 2021):
1) Unclear arrangement of land and tenure rights; there is no agreement on who has the
right to own, access, or control Indonesia's forests;
2) The process of mapping and establishing forest areas; where 12 Ministries / Agencies
led by the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) signed a Cooperation Agreement
in March 2013 to speed up the process of strengthening forest areas;
3) One Map creation initiative to improve transparency and effectiveness of forest
governance and spatial planning;
4) Constitutional Court Decision No. 35/2012 which restores the management of
customary forests to indigenous peoples, and not to the state;
5) Weak enforcement;
6) Illegal logging;
7) Corruption; the tendency to side with the pattern of financial incentives related to legal
activities that can reap the benefits of forest activities and weak disincentives so that
this is seen as weak law enforcement in Indonesia; and
8) The high cost of implementing forest conservation initiatives; the need for positive
incentives and conducive situations created by the Government.
Forest and land fires in Indonesia are still quite high, during 2019 forest and land fires
were up to 857,756 hectares consisting of the mineral land area of 630,451 hectares and
peatlands of 227,307 hectares. PLT Director of Forest and Land Fire Control Raffles explained
Paris Agreement 2015: Formulating Indonesia’s Efforts and Challenges in Facing Climate Change
857 Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 1(7), Apr 2022
that the figure was obtained from satellite imagery, where the total area consists of 66,000
hectares of industrial crop forest (HTI), natural forest area of 18,465 hectares, ecosystem
restoration covering an area of 7,545 hectares and in the release area of 7,312 hectares
(Mongabay.co.id, 2020).
In addition to the forestry sector, in other sectors, there are still several problems such as
the Indonesian energy sector still dependent on the use of fossil energy that tends to emit large
greenhouse gas emissions. This is as stated by the Ministry of Energy of Mineral Resources
(ESDM) which said Indonesia will still depend on fossil energy, the Director of the Geothermal
ministry of ENERGY stated that Indonesia is unlikely to quickly stop the use of coal as a source
of power generation energy. This is as contained in the National Energy General Plan (RUEN)
contained in Government Regulation No. 79 of 2014 which stipulates that Indonesia until 2050
will still use fossil energy for electricity generation, especially coal. Based on RUEN, Indonesia
in 2025 is targeted to use the energy mix from Renewable Energy (EBT) by 23%, petroleum
by 25%, natural gas by 30%, while by 2050, the portion of EBT in Indonesia will increase to
31%, and fossil energy will be reduced in utilization (Eka, 2019)."
Hydroelectric Power Plant (PLTA) is one form of renewable energy that is an unlimited
amount of energy and has very little pollution impact. But although hydropower is a source of
energy that can be said to be environmentally friendly and sustainable in its development,
activities can not be separated from the cons in the community because it can damage
environmental functions. This is what happened in the Tampur hydropower plant in Aceh,
where the Governor of Aceh issued a Permit to Borrow From Forest Area (IPPKH) with
number 522.51/DPMPTSP/1499/2017 which is a permit for the construction of the Tampur I
Hydropower Plant. The development of this hydropower plant is opposed because it will
submerge about 4 thousand hectares of forest which is the habitat of key animals in the Leuseur
Ecosystem Area and the area becomes a place of livelihood and life of the surrounding
community, namely the people of Lesten Village (Hanafiah, 2020).
In the case of PLTA Tampur I, the Judges of the State Administrative Court (PTUN) of
Banda Aceh granted the lawsuit of the citizens with Walhi for the development because it has
no authority and is not following Article 150 of the Aceh Government Law and the discovery
of changes or revisions to the IPPKH which is unity (Nur, 2020). In addition, there are also
other problems in the construction of renewable energy projects such as those that occur in the
implementation of the construction and operation of Steam Power Plants (PLTU), where the
development is the construction of a power plant that will produce 1000 MegaWatt in Cirebon,
the development is opposed by residents with the Environmental Organization of Wahana
Lingkungan Indonesia (Walhi) because it is not by spatial rules so that it can potentially be
pollution and damage to the surrounding environment.
Based on the above description that in the energy sector the development of power plants
in Indonesia to utilize renewable energy as well as water utilization is not fully environmentally
friendly because in its development it still has the potential for damage to the environment.
This is a challenge in energy transition efforts, on the one hand, it can reduce greenhouse gas
emissions compared to the use of fossil energy but on the other hand in the development process
can damage the surrounding environment.
Paris Agreement 2015: Formulating Indonesia’s Efforts and Challenges in Facing Climate Change
858 Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 1(7), Apr 2022
CONCLUSION
It is necessary to reaffirm the implementation of Indonesian NDCs in every sector of
legislation to implement Indonesia's contribution commitment to reducing greenhouse gas
emissions as a mitigation effort in the face of climate change that adversely affects the
environment and humanity. Then it is necessary to organize space that remains based on
environmental functions and development or land use must be based on the concept of
sustainable development and energy transition efforts must be prepared as soon as possible.
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