substances) are substances, energy, and/or other components which due to their nature,

concentration, and/or quantity either directly or indirectly can pollute and/or damage the

environment, endangering the environment, health and survival. Human life and other living

things. B3 (Hazardous and toxic substances) waste is the residue of a business and/or activity

containing hazardous and/or toxic materials which due to their nature and/or concentration

and/or amount, either directly or indirectly, can pollute and/or damage the environment, and/or

community, health facilities, and industrial places is disposal that does not comply with the

rules or Standard Operating Procedures (SOP). Disposal of waste into the environment will

cause problems that are evenly distributed and spread over a wide environment. Waste gas is

carried by the wind from one place to another. Liquid or solid waste that is dumped into rivers,

washed away from upstream to far downstream, beyond territorial boundaries eventually ends

up in the sea or lake, as if the sea or lake became a trash can. Problematic waste, among others,

comes from residential, industrial, agricultural, mining, and recreational activities. Therefore,

waste needs to be processed and controlled according to the requirements and with quality

manufacturers do not list the active ingredients used in their products. Insecticide or pesticide

products, porcelain cleaners, glass, floors, and anti-plugs are some examples of household

products that contain B3. This household B3 waste is easier to harm humans in the house itself,

such as materials belonging to the type of B3 that are disposed of on the ground in the yard of

the house that can contaminate underground water or plants that grow near the house (Florence

Lansana Margai, 1999).

the country. Therefore, the legislators in each country must make regulations for the

implementation of safe hazardous waste management and the regulations must appoint a B3

Waste Generator as a legal entity that must ensure that waste is managed following its

occurring between countries. However, some unspecified portion of the total is shipped more

or less (±) legally or illegally from developed countries to less developed countries (Orloff &

Falk, 2003).

Based on data provided by 33 countries, in 2011 the activity that contributed the most to the

contamination or contamination of soil and water was the disposal of industrial waste (About

38% of sites) and industrial and commercial activities (Mining, oil extraction and production,

power generation – about 34% of contaminated sites) (Fazzo et al., 2017).

and toxic waste. 169 locations were polluted by lead which resulted in 245,949 children aged

Philippines) and estimated about 9 million people at risk and an estimated 43 million others at

risk from unscreened sites to the exposed population causing about 4 million people. Million

people experience disability due to the impact of hazardous and toxic waste (Fazzo et al.,

2017).

a threat to the ecological environment and human health through various channels. Developed

countries (Such as the United States and some member countries of the European Union) are

the main producers of hazardous waste in the world. Hazardous waste management is very

important because of the environmental, social, and economic health impacts of two decades

2016).

but has become a global problem, a serious threat to the global environment. Anticipating this

threat, a convention on B3 waste management was formed under the name Basel Convention

on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, namely

the Basel Convention on the Control of B3 Wastes Transboundary Movements in 1989. With

the international convention on B3 waste management, countries became countries, especially

countries participating and ratifying the convention, have roles and responsibilities in efforts

to manage B3 waste so as not to pollute the environment globally. A convention is a form of

global environmental protection arrangement in addition to other global environmental

environmental quality in its original condition and prevent disease.

Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) method which is carried out systematically by

following the stages or procedures of the Systematic Review. Article search using the

keywords Impact of COVID-19, people's lives in various countries which are accessed online

from websites and visits to related university or research institute pages through Google

Scholar, Pubmed, Emerald Insight, and DOAJ. Article search is limited to articles in English

and international publications. The total number of articles obtained is 63 and out of these 63

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

criteria as follows:

toxic waste management, research articles published in a span of 10 years (2010-

2020), research or review articles, and fully accessible research articles

medical waste management interventions, research articles published more than 10

years back, and so on (Not part of the inclusion criteria)

context or results of the review.

Article Evaluation

with an international category that is included in the Systematic Review. These criteria can be

used to select articles that will not be used. The assessment was carried out in journals related

to the topic of strategies for developing medical waste management interventions. It should be

understood that the so-called scientific literature can be in the form of papers from scientific

journals, papers from a conference (Proceedings), report from a trusted organization, and

textbooks.

PubMed, Emerald Insight, DOAJ with the types of journals published such as ELSEVIER, IJS,

be analyzed and developed in the future.

summary is made including the name of the researcher, year of publication of the journal,

country of research, research title, method, and summary of results or findings. The summary

of the research journals is entered into a table sorted alphabetically and the year the journal was

published and following the existing format.

Based on the search results, 55 articles were found that were considered suitable for the

purpose and then combined and then screened whether the titles in the articles were the same

or not. After screening, it was found that there were 16 articles with the same title, from 55

journals, then screened based on eligibility according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 6

articles were obtained for further review. The literature search strategy can be seen in table 2

as follows:

16

4

countries. The analysis of the 6 articles showed that 1 journal with survey method, 1 journal

with mixed methods design, 1 journal with experimental design, 1 journal with the qualitative

Technique

and cross

and toxic substances) waste management always demands a well-planned management system

for the collection, recycling, and final disposal of waste. Some of the household, industrial and

institutional waste contains materials that can be toxic or harmful to humans and animals. In

general, these materials are known as hazardous waste. At present, more attention is paid to the

handling of waste and B3 (Dangerous and toxic substances) waste, both the government and

society demand more in terms of protecting the environment and improving B3 waste

management (Shuckrow et al., 1982).

toxic substances) waste management is prevention (Reduce), reuse, and recycling. If none of

that the system operates satisfactorily for the current as well as for the foreseeable future

scenarios. So, the B3 waste management system consists of components for the collection,

transportation, treatment, and disposal of waste (Misra & Pandey, 2005).

and public health. Negative impacts can be caused by different handling and disposal activities

that result in soil, water, and air pollution. Other disturbances caused by uncontrolled or

improperly managed waste disposal can have negative impacts including impacts at the local

level, such as soil damage, local air and water pollution, and indiscriminate disposal of

energy, and/or other components due to their nature, concentration, and/or quantity, either

directly or indirectly pollute and/or damage the environment, and/or damage environmental

life, health, and survival. humans and other living things. Hazardous waste has a chemical

composition or other properties that must be managed to prevent its release into the

environment that can result in disease, death, or other harm to living organisms including

humans (Meirinawati et al., 2018).

and can harm human beings, industrial players, and the environment itself. the process of

pollution due to hazardous and toxic materials industrial materials can occur directly or

indirectly. Directly when a pollutant has an acute effect and a direct toxic effect that interferes

certain period. On the other hand, improper waste management can cause carbon to explode

into the atmosphere and create a domino impact on other environmental problems (Taufan &

Purwanto, 2018).

causing infection, and being corrosive. Assessment of the feasibility of handling B3 waste

pollution requires environmental regulations for environmental safety (Li et al., 2018). The

international community has tried to overcome the concern of worsening environmental

become an international issue since the 1972 Stockholm conference, even before this

conference was held, developed countries had long been preoccupied with pollution problems

in their respective countries (Paraschiv, 2015).

sector has released large amounts of toxic heavy metals and organic pollutants into the

workplace and the surrounding environment. The views and ideas of holding the Stockholm

conference started from the concern of countries in the world seeing the increasingly high level

of pollution and damaging the human environment as a result of industrialization. Hazardous

and toxic waste materials greatly affect the community's living environment. The problem of

environmental pollution is usually a concern of the government and industry players. However,

also for sustainability to improve the quality of the environment they live in. So from the

socialization activities, it is hoped that the spirit of caring for the environment will arise by not

throwing waste carelessly or without filtering. The socialization is designed to familiarize the

public in managing B3 waste following the procedures so that B3 waste is not disposed of in

any place (Ericson et al., 2013).

Agreements relating to the management of Hazardous and Toxic Waste (HTW), such as:

irreversible transformation' of POPs and POPs waste, as well as minimization and

avoidance of emissions of dioxins, furans, PCBs and hexachlorobenzene during

disposal.

Wastes and their Disposal.

Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade.

on substances that deplete the Ozone layer (Convard and O'Toole, 1998) (Mbrandi et

al., 2014) .

waste, including material waste, hazardous and toxic, ensuring sustainable use of natural

resources, application of the principle that polluters pay for non-compliance with regulations

and reduce, reuse, and recycle waste (Mbrandi et al., 2014).

Mercury); Liver (Generally caused by toxic substances Carbon-Tetrachloride); Lungs

(Generally due to the toxic substance Paraquat); Eyes (generally caused by toxic substances

Chloroquine) (Fazzo et al., 2017).

circulation.

times when they inhaled noxious volcanic gases or succumbed to carbon monoxide from

inadequately ventilated fires in caves. Toxic substances that enter the human body will be

carried by the blood and distributed throughout the body and then interfere with body organs,

including neurotoxic poisoning, toxic substances will be carried to the brain, or toxic

substances will be stockpiled and processed in fat tissue, muscle, bone, nerves, liver, pancreas,

an understanding of the negative impact of B3 waste on public health. This is important so that

the community can be more careful and careful in using, disposing, and managing B3

waste. The health impacts of B3 waste can be seen in the following table:

Source: Shantanu K Dutta, VP Upadhyay and U Sridharan (2006)

substitution of materials, regulation of activity operations, and the use of clean technology. If

B3 waste is still generated, the efforts are made to utilize B3 waste, which includes recycling,

recovery, and reuse.

B3 waste (Hazardous and toxic materials) is a substance that directly or indirectly

pollutes, damages, or endangers the environment. This waste can also endanger the health and

safety of humans and other living things. This can occur due to the nature, concentration, and

the amount of hazardous substances or components in them. Therefore, every person who

generates B3 waste is obliged to carry out waste management before disposing of it to a landfill,

Akpan, V. E., & Olukanni, D. O. (2020). Hazardous Waste Management: An African

Dutta, S. K., Upadhyay, V. P., & Sridharan, U. (2006). Environmental management of

Ericson, B., Caravanos, J., Chatham-Stephens, K., Landrigan, P., & Fuller, R. (2013).

Florence Lansana Margai. (1999). Promotional Strategies for the Prevention and Proper-

Gupta, J. P., & Babu, B. S. (1999). A new Hazardous Waste Index. Journal of Hazardous

Kumar, R., Samrongthong, R., & Shaikh, B. T. (2013). Knowledge, attitude and practices of

Li, M., Xu, J., & Li, B. (2018). Analysis of Development of Hazardous Waste Disposal

Meirinawati, M., Fanida, E. H., & Prabawati, I. (2018). Strategy Management of Hazardous

Nwankwo, C. N., Gobo, A. E., Israel-Cookey, C., & Abere, S. A. (2020). Effects of hazardous

Orloff, K., & Falk, H. (2003). An international perspective on hazardous waste practices.

Shuckrow, A. J., Pajak, A. P., & Touhill, C. J. (1982). Management of hazardous waste

Talınlı, İ., Yamantürk, R., Aydın, E., & Başakçılardan-Kabakçı, S. (2005). A rating system for

Taufan, H. S., & Purwanto, P. (2018). The Management Of Toxic and Hazardous Waste

Yilmaz, O., Kara, B. Y., & Yetis, U. (2017). Hazardous waste management system design