ranging from the common cold to serious illnesses such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome

(MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). This virus is transmitted through

physical contact, sharing goods with patients who are positive for Covid-19, not wearing a

mask when talking to people with COVID-19, and so on. This virus is an unpredictable disease.

Signs and symptoms of COVID-19 which are classified as severe, acute respiratory syndrome

positive results. Early detection of this virus is very important to relieve the symptoms that

appear. In addition, it is also important to prevent a more massive transmission (Lauer et al.,

2020). Therefore, it is necessary to know the symptoms that indicate a viral infection.

Province, and has since spread globally around the world (GÜNER et al., 2020). The world

was shocked by the outbreak of new pneumonia that started in Wuhan, Hubei Province, which

then spread rapidly to more than 190 countries and territories. Since the first case in Wuhan,

there has been an increase in COVID-19 cases in China reporting to WHO that every day there

is an increase in cases between late January to early February 2020. Initially, most of the reports

came from Hubei and neighboring provinces then increased to other provinces and throughout

China (Böhm et al., 2021). As of January 30, 2020, there have been 7,736 confirmed cases of

both economically and socially, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the 2019-

2020 coronavirus outbreak an International Public Health Emergency (PHEIC) on 30 January

2020, and the pandemic on March 11, 2020 (Cucinotta & Vanelli, 2020). Various efforts to

prevent the spread of the Covid-19 virus were also carried out by governments in countries

around the world to break the chain of the spread of the Covid-19 virus, which is referred to as

lockdown and social distancing. current policy on quarantine periods of 14 days for closure of

confirmed case contacts and 28 days for monitoring infections in known cohorts (Tan et al.,

2020).

contained 75,129,306 confirmed cases of Covid-19 and 561,617 deaths (Böhm et al., 2021).

exceeds 180 million and the death toll is nearly 4 million (WHO, 2020). Furthermore, on 24

September 2021 WHO reported globally, there were 230,418,451 confirmed cases of COVID-

19, including 4,724,876 deaths. At the European region/region level, there were 69,097,144

confirmed cases, Asia 42,746,778 confirmed cases, Eastern Mediterranean 15,585,152

confirmed cases, Western Pacific 8,162,376 confirmed cases, Africa 5,984,952 confirmed

cases.

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation on 16 June 2021, shows that the current condition

of daily cases reported in the past week (until 13 June) fell to 104,100 per day on average

compared to 141,100 the previous week. The daily mortality rate in the past week on average

Metrics and Evaluation projects a cumulative 1,753,000 deaths as of October 1. This represents

an additional 381,000 deaths from June 14 to October 2021. The daily death toll is expected to

decline throughout the summer, but spikes in Indonesia and Myanmar will flatten the regional

downward trend into early fall(Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2021).

detected. On January 6, 2021, the Ministry of Health (Ministério da Saúde) reported that the

total number of people who took the Covid-19 test was 17,102 people, confirmed cases 49

people, recovered (37: Confirmed, 4: Probable), waiting for test results 512 people, negative

16564 Person, Deceased 0 (WHO, 2020). On 25 June 2021, the WHO Regional Office for

Southeast Asia reported that Timor-Leste continued to report a decline in new cases and

severe disease and sustained human-to-human transmission, making it a concern and serious

public health threat. Considering the global threat to health caused by SARS-CoV-2, effective

prevention, and treatment of COVID-19 are urgently needed (Li et al., 2020). However, the

development of drugs for the SARS-CoV-2 pathogen is still a major problem for humans, and

there are currently no officially approved drugs to treat COVID-19.

and supportive measures remain the mainstay of Covid-19 treatment. Thus, the immune

function of the patient (society) is a major determinant of disease severity, and populations

with immune function, such as the elderly, are more susceptible and have a high mortality rate

of interest), including recommended actions for member states if a VOI or VOC is identified

(Huamán Saavedra, 2021).

speed of Covid-19 to carry out mutations is even faster. As a result, until now many variants

of this virus have developed in various countries and this Covid-19 variant is more difficult to

detect, treat or prevent with a vaccine, so scientists are currently studying and tracking its

development (United Kingdom & South Africa, 2021).

several scientific researchers at the WHO Virus Evolution Working Group, the WHO COVID-

19 reference laboratory network, GISAID, Nextstrain, Pango, and several experts from several

(B.1.1.7, Q.1-Q.8), Beta (B.1.351, B.1.351.2, B.1.351.3), Gamma (P.1, P.1.1, P.1.2), Epsilon

(B.1.427 and B.1.429), Eta (B.1.525), Iota (B.1.526), Kappa (B.1.617.1) N/A (B.1.617 .3), Mu

(B.1.621, B.1.621.1), Zeta (P.2) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2021).

aspirations. This is a sharp reminder of shared vulnerabilities and shows the need for real

change. However, it can also be a starting point to change direction and build a more resilient

new normal. Much will depend on the policies taken and the ability to coordinate, both at the

international and national levels to build a more inclusive, resilient, and sustainable future

(UNCTAD, 2020).

epidemics have become global threats that require a collective response. Although the majority

of developed countries, especially Europe and North America, have strong real-time

surveillance and health systems to manage the spread of infectious diseases, improvements in

public health capacity in low-income and high-risk countries, including human and animal

surveillance, workforce preparedness, and strengthening laboratory resources needs to be

supported by using national resources complemented by international donor funds (Pak et al.,

2020).

the virus or vaccines that can be used in healthy individuals to prevent them from becoming

and reports.

Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) method which is carried out systematically by

following the stages or procedures of the Systematic Review. Article search using the keywords

Impact of COVID-19, people's lives in various countries which are accessed online from

websites and visits to related university or research institute pages through Google Scholar,

Pubmed, Emerald Insight, and DOAJ. Article search is limited to articles in English and

criteria as follows:

results of the review

with an international category that is included in the Systematic Review. These criteria can be

used to select articles that will not be used. The assessment was carried out in journals related

to the topic of strategies for developing medical waste management interventions. It should be

understood that the so-called scientific literature can be in the form of papers from scientific

journals, papers from a conference (Proceedings), report from a trusted organization, and

textbooks.

Organization). Furthermore, screening of titles, abstracts, and the content selection or content

according to inclusion and exclusion was carried out, which obtained 10 articles that were

further analyzed. This data extraction is very important in helping and tracing articles that can

be analyzed and developed in the future.

summary is made including the name of the researcher, year of publication of the journal,

country of research, research title, method, and summary of results or findings. The summary

of the research journals is entered into a table sorted alphabetically and the year the journal was

purpose and then combined and then screened whether the titles in the articles were the same

or not. After screening, it was found that there were 10 articles with the same title, from 65

journals, then they were screened based on eligibility according to the inclusion and exclusion

criteria, 10 articles were obtained for further review. The literature search strategy can be seen

in Table 2 as follows:

4.

Eligible according

exclusion

5

The source of this systematic review is taken from studies conducted in various countries.

Systematic Review is one of the methods used for assessment, examination, structured

evaluation, classification, and categorization of previously produced evidence-based (Taylor et

al., 2014). In writing this Systematic Review, 10 articles were analyzed, consisting of 2

research journals and 8 review articles. A list of 10 articles to be extracted can be seen in the

After assessing the quality of the study from 10 articles can be categorized as good (High),

then data extraction is carried out. This data extraction was carried out by analyzing the data

based on the author's name, title, purpose, research method, and results, namely the grouping

of important data in the article. The results of data extraction can be seen in the following table:

the poorest regions in the world: about a third of the world's poor live in this region with about

70 percent living in rural areas and mainly depending on agriculture. Before the COVID-19

Pandemic, 649 million people in South Asia were moderate or severe food insecurity and 271

million of them were very food insecure. Similarly, 36 percent of children are stunted and 16

percent are acutely malnourished. The situation is likely to worsen further due to the effects of

COVID-19 (Rasul et al., 2021).

Interventions carried out by governments in various countries to overcome this socio-

economic impact are to provide financial assistance and food and clothing for small children.

In addition, support for industry and the service sector is also very important in maintaining

the stability of the economy. Moral assistance to individuals and society is also needed for

waters of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic (del Castillo, 2021). On the other

hand, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, some unexpected positive results have emerged, such as:

a. Positive Changes in People's Behavior and Lifestyle: The COVID-19 pandemic is one

of the largest global health crises in human history. Many people's lifestyles are

fundamentally changing — from wearing face masks to maintaining physical distance

and practicing handwashing in public.

b. Hospital Admissions Reduced: Public health efforts have succeeded in reducing the

transmission of coronavirus in certain countries where strict standard operating

procedures are implemented. This approach, which is advantageous in the prevention

and control of COVID-19, also has a positive impact on other diseases. The number of

social context, mental health, and perceived health risks. This is an opportunity for

smokers to reflect on smoking and for public health regulators to revise tobacco control

policies and smoking cessation services.

d. Mental relations and sexual health: The relationship between mental health and sexual

health, which is still taboo in most societies, has also received public attention during

the pandemic. Some reductions in the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

and diagnoses of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were reported after travel

restrictions were imposed worldwide.

e. Health care innovation and technology development: Health services currently need to

adapt to the Covid-19 pandemic situation in order to prevent transmission of the corona

healthcare in general can provide many clinical benefits beyond simply reducing the

risk of infection with COVID-19 (Hoo et al., 2021).

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly stressed public health systems around the

world and exposed gaps in health care for underserved and vulnerable populations.

Anticipating the spread and increase in the number of sufferers, the implementation of health

protocols needs to be carried out by the community (Benjamin, 2020).

Coronavirus Disease has caused many deaths for sufferers but no anti-virus has been

2020, regarding recommendations regarding masks.

b. Social distancing: Social distancing is designed to reduce interactions between people

in the wider community, where individuals may be infectious but have not been

identified and thus have not been isolated. Social distancing activities such as working

and studying at home, staying at home, prohibiting activities in crowds, and limiting

operating hours in public places (Yanti et al., 2020)

c. Washing Hands: Hand hygiene is one of the most effective measures to prevent the

spread of COVID-19 and other pathogens. Maintaining personal hygiene during the

Coronavirus pandemic such as washing hands is one of the steps that the community

needs to take. The World Health Organization (WHO) has also explained that

and can inactivate viruses (Lee et al., 2020). Seeing this, the spread and infection of the

Coronavirus in the community can certainly be minimized.

e. Cover your mouth when sneezing and coughing: The spread of the Coronavirus in the

world has taken place rapidly with millions of patients being infected. One of the spread

processes can be through direct contact with infected patient droplets (Singhal, 2020).

The problem that now arises is that there are infected patients who do not show

symptoms so that the process of spreading the Coronavirus is difficult to identify

(Nishiura et al., 2020). Following up on this, the World Health Organization (WHO)

applies to cough and sneezing etiquette, namely covering the nose and mouth,

immediately throwing away tissues that have been used to cover the mouth when

Today, everyone needs to understand how, when, and where infected people transmit the

virus, it is important to develop and implement control measures to break the chain of

transmission. Prevention of transmission is best achieved by identifying suspected cases as

quickly as possible, testing, and isolating cases of infection. In addition, it is very important to

identify all close contacts of infected people so that they can be quarantined to limit the spread

and break the chain of transmission.

Quarantine measures (Close contact), potential secondary cases will already be separated

from others before they develop symptoms or they start shedding the virus if they become

infected, thus presenting opportunities for further spread. The incubation period for COVID-

19, which is the time between exposure to the virus and the onset of symptoms, averages 5-6

necessary to coordinate systems and services to provide long-term care, such as coordination

between relevant authorities (e.g Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Welfare, Ministry of

Social Justice, etc.) must exist to provide continuous care in LTCFs (Long-term care facilities),

activate local health and social care networks to facilitate ongoing care (clinics, acute care

hospitals, daycare centers, volunteer groups, etc.), and facilitate additional support if any parent

in LTCF is confirmed with COVID19 (WHO, 2020).

The history of vaccination begins with vaccines based on live microbes that have been

attenuated so that they cannot cause disease. Vaccines are highly effective in stimulating the

continue to anticipate because of several forms of post-vaccination follow-up events that may

be experienced, both in adolescents and the elderly, such as aches around the injection site,

mild fever, fatigue, headaches, muscle aches or pains. joints, chills, and diarrhea.

High vaccination coverage globally may be needed to halt the COVID-19 pandemic.

However, vaccine demand in low- and middle-income countries is less well studied and there

may be different considerations of the population compared to high-income countries. Low-

and middle-income countries may have less capacity to introduce new vaccines and may need

to deal with communities that do not believe in the benefits of a COVID-19 vaccine (Harapan

et al., 2020).

Based on a report from WHO that to date 169 countries have reported vaccination. As of

important inequalities in global vaccine access. (Fig.1) shows the number of doses of COVID-

19 vaccine administered determined by country. However, it does highlight countries that have

not yet started vaccination. At the time of up-to-date vaccination data, the highest were middle-

income countries and had started rolling out vaccinations, but many low-income countries had

not (Fig.2) (Mathieu et al., 2021).

COVID-19 vaccination, the government and the Ministry of Health need to understand the

most effective approach to roll out mass vaccination and prioritize administration in a way that

minimizes morbidity and mortality from The COVID-19 pandemic. If vaccination coverage is

high and evenly distributed, herd immunity will be formed. In addition, the Covid-19

vaccination can also maintain productivity and reduce social and economic impacts. The

Covid-19 vaccination is carried out after there is certainty about its safety and efficacy.

Vaccines can provide higher antibodies and protect against the COVID-19 virus.

of the Coronavirus. Thus, it needs vigilance for countries in the Americas, Africa, and Asia.

The impact of the pandemic in this region is more sensitive than in countries in the

Australia/Oceania region or the European region. Middle-income and low-income countries

need to be more prudent in managing the COVID-19 pandemic to have better or equal

effectiveness with developed or high-income countries.

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