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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL CHANGES AND ANXIETY
PREMENOPAUSE WOMEN IN KALASEY 1 VILLAGE
Roosye Marie Lolowang
Faculty of Psychology, Indonesian Christian University Tomohon, Tomohon, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
rosemarielolowang@gmail.com
PAPER INFO ABSTRACT
Received: July
2022
Revised: July
2022
Approved: July
2022
Background: The findings of a preliminary study on 10 premenopausal
women revealed that 7 of them had irregular menstrual cycles, hot flushes (a
feeling of heat in the face), night sweats, and mood changes like stress,
irritability, and being easily surprised, which led to stress, heart palpitations,
and disturbed sleep.
Aim: This study aims to determine the relationship between physical changes
and anxiety in premenopausal women in Kalasey 1 Village, Mandolang
District, Minahasa Regency.
Method: This study used quantitative research methods. The research
subjects used were premenopausal women in Kalasey 1 Village, Mandolang
District, Minahasa Regency with a total of 66 people. The data analysis
technique used in this study is the product moment correlation technique
using manual calculations and computer assistance programs, namely
SPSS.22.
Findings: There is a positive and significant relationship between physical
changes and anxiety in premenopausal women with an rxy correlation
coefficient of 0.286, then the correlation coefficient test is carried out using
the t-test and the resulting t-count = 2.387 and t-table = 1.668. Ho is rejected
and Ha is accepted. So, it can be concluded that there is a significant
relationship between physical changes and anxiety in premenopausal women.
KEYWORDS
physical changes, anxiety, premenopause
INTRODUCTION
Before entering menopause, women will be preceded by a period of premenopause.
Premenopause is a transitional period between reproductive and old age between 40-55 that is
characterized by irregular menstrual cycles and prolonged and relatively large menstrual
bleeding (Astutik & Supardiman, 2016; Brink et al., 2013). During this period, there is a
decrease in the levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone, causing various changes in
premenopausal women such as menstrual cycle irregularities, and hot flushes from the chest
upwards which are often accompanied by profuse sweating and lasts for a few seconds to 5
minutes, feeling dizzy accompanied by headaches, decreased sex appetite, vaginal dryness,
pain during sexual intercourse, insomnia, hypertension, easy fractures in bones (Proverawati
& Rahmawati, 2010; Stuenkel et al., 2015).
The World Health Organization (WHO) (2014) states that in 2030 it is estimated that 1.2
billion women will enter menopause globally and it is estimated that in Indonesia in 2025 there
will be 60 million menopausal women. In 2016 there were 14 million menopause women,
accounting for 7.4% of the total population. Meanwhile, the estimated average age of
menopause in Indonesia is 48 years. The premenopausal syndrome is experienced by many
women almost all over the world, such as 60% of women in America, 70-80% of women in
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1288 Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 1(10), Jul 2022
Europe, 18% of women in China, 57% of women in Malaysia, and 10% of women in Japan
which in total is 372 million people (Proverawati & Rahmawati, 2010).
Anxiety is often associated with worrying about situations that were previously unworried
(Sweeny & Dooley, 2017). The anxiety is in the form of physical changes such as feeling old,
irritable, and worried about decreased sexual desire (Hunter, 1992; Uzun et al., 2022).
According to Hawari (2013) individuals who experience anxiety symptoms are mainly caused
by psychological complaints (Worry and fear), but can also be accompanied by physical
complaints. As the results of Saimin et al.'s research (2016), namely analytical descriptive
research using a cross-sectional approach conducted on 205 premenopausal women aged 40-
50 years in Kendari City. The data were analyzed using the Chi-square test with a significance
value of p = 0.5 with the results of the study found that 112 respondents (54.6%) experienced
anxiety. According to the results of research that have been carried out by Maryansyah (2012)
with the title of the study, namely the Level of Anxiety of Premenopausal Women in Facing
Menopause in Kedung Ringin Hamlet, Kedung Waruk Village, Karang Malang District,
Sragen, it was found that 20% of women did not experience anxiety, 43% women experienced
mild anxiety, 32% of women experienced moderate anxiety and 5% of women experienced
severe anxiety. Also, the results of Juniati's research (2012) regarding the level of anxiety of
women aged 40-48 in dealing with menopause in Mundu Hamlet Yogyakarta found the results
of the level of anxiety in facing menopause in the severe category of 71.2%.
The physical changes that occur related to premenopause have a deeper meaning for
women's lives (McCarthy & Raval, 2020). The cessation of the menstrual cycle is considered
a loss of the essence of a woman’s feminine essence since she is unable to have children (Zipp
et al., 2022). This feeling is often felt in women who are about to enter menopause, so they
tend to be anxious. Janah’s research (2018) regarding the relationship between physical
changes and anxiety in premenopausal women in Candimulyo hamlet, Jomang District, found
that physical changes in premenopausal women were mostly mild, and anxiety that occurred
in premenopausal women mostly experienced severe anxiety and there was a relationship
between physical changes with anxiety premenopausal women in of the particular District. The
data were taken in Kalasey 1 Village, Mandolang District, Minahasa Regency, there are 198
women aged 40-55 with the number of samples determined using the Slovin formula, then the
sample is 66 respondents.
The results of a preliminary study conducted by researchers on 10 premenopausal women,
by conducting short interviews found that 7 people experienced menstrual cycle irregularities,
hot flushes (A feeling of heat in the face), night sweats, mood changes such as stress, irritability,
easily surprised, causing stress, heart palpitations, and cause sleep disturbances. The purpose
of the study was to determine the relationship between physical changes and anxiety in
premenopausal women in Kalasey 1 village, Mandolang District, Minahasa.
METHOD
Definition and Operational Research Variables
In analyzing the data, it is necessary to identify the data to be processed first to know the
type of data used in a study. Research variables are divided into two main categories, namely
as follows:
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1289 Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 1(10), Jul 2022
1) Independent Variable: The independent variable in this study is Physical Change (X);
and
2) Bound Variable: The dependent variable in this study is anxiety (Y).
Operational Definition of Research Variables
Physical Changes (X)
The physical changes referred to in this study are physical symptoms experienced by
premenopausal women or those who will enter menopause, which is marked by symptoms such
as hot flush (feeling hot on the face), night sweat (sweat at night), vaginal dryness, Insomnia
(Difficult to sleeping), Fatigue (Easy to feel tired), Dyspareunia (Feeling pain in vital organs
when having sex), and menstrual cycle irregularities.
Anxiety (Y)
Anxiety in this study is a feeling of anxiety, worry, and restlessness, experienced in
premenopausal women associated with physiological changes (tachycardia, sweating, tremors,
etc.). A person's anxiety can be classified into 5 levels of anxiety, namely not anxious
(reasonable anxiety), mild, moderate, severe, and very severe. The level of anxiety can be
measured using the HARS questionnaire.
Method of Collecting Data
The data collection method used in this research is a tool in the form of a questionnaire.
Questionnaires were used to investigate the subject's opinion on a matter or to reveal it to the
respondent.
Data Analysis Technique
The data analysis technique was carried out using a computer tool SPSS (Statistics
Program for Social Sciences) and manual formulas.
Validity and Reliability
The results obtained from the questionnaire instrument will be tested for validity and
reliability. The results of these tests can be seen as follows:
1) Validity: For this process, the formula used to determine validity using the product
moment is as follows:
rxy =
Information:
= Correlation between variables x and y
N = Number of cases.
= The number of multiplication results between the X score and the Y score.
= Total score X
= total score Y
2) Reliability: As for reliability testing, the authors use SPSS. Meanwhile, the information
regarding the results of Alpha Cronbach is as follows:
a) If Cronbach's Alpha > 0.90 then perfect reliability;
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b) If Cronbach's Alpha is between 0.70 – 0.90 then high reliability;
c) If Cronbach's Alpha is between 0.50 – 0.70 then moderate reliability; and
d) If Cronbach's Alpha < 0.50 then low reliability.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Research Data Description
Respondent Age
Table 1. Frequency Distribution by Age
No.
Age
Frequency
Percentage
1
40
3
4.5
2
41 - 45
14
21.2
3
46 - 55
49
74.2
Total
66
100.0
Source: Data Processed
Table 1 shows that almost all of the respondents aged 46-55 years are 49 people (74.2%).
Marital Status
Table 2. Frequency Distribution by Marital Status
No.
Marital Status
Frequency
Percentage
1.
Married
66
100
Total
66
100.0
Source: Data Processed
Table 2 shows that all respondents are married with a total of 66 people (100%).
Physical Changes
Table 3. Frequency Distribution Based on Physical Changes
No
Physical Changes
Frequency
Percentage
1.
Mild
34
51,5
2.
Moderate
30
45,5
3.
Severe
2
3,0
Total
66
100.0
Source: Data Processed
Table 3 shows that most of the respondents with mild physical changes are 34 people
(51.5%).
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Anxiety
Table 4. Frequency Distribution Based on Anxiety
No.
Anxiety
Frequency
Percentage
1.
Mild
26
39,4
2.
Moderate
34
51,5
3.
Severe
6
9,1
Total
66
100.0
Source: Data Processed
Table 4 shows that most of the respondents experienced moderate anxiety of 34 people
(51.5%).
Validity Test Results
Table 5. Validity Test Results
No
Variable
R
count
R
table
Info
1
Physical Change (Variable X)
0.536
0.244
Valid
2
0.445
0.244
Valid
3
0.506
0.244
Valid
4
0.492
0.244
Valid
5
0.700
0.244
Valid
6
0.664
0.244
Valid
7
0.356
0.244
Valid
8
0.360
0.244
Valid
9
0.635
0.244
Valid
10
0.512
0.244
Valid
11
0.694
0.244
Valid
12
0.698
0.244
Valid
13
0.540
0.244
Valid
14
0.506
0.244
Valid
15
Anxiety (Variable Y)
0.543
0.244
Valid
16
0.520
0.244
Valid
17
0.390
0.244
Valid
18
0.432
0.244
Valid
19
0.547
0.244
Valid
20
0.503
0.244
Valid
21
0.439
0.244
Valid
22
0.499
0.244
Valid
23
0.480
0.244
Valid
24
0.561
0.244
Valid
25
0.569
0.244
Valid
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26
0.450
0.244
Valid
27
0.569
0.244
Valid
28
0.441
0.244
Valid
Source: Data Processed
In the table above, it can be concluded that r count > r table where r table on a sample of
66 people is 0.244 at a significant level of 5%. This shows that all items are valid.
Reliability Test Results
Reliability tests were carried out after all statements were declared valid. Reliability testing
in this study was carried out using the Cronbach Alpha test with the help of SPSS. Reliability
testing is carried out to measure the extent to which the measurement results remain consistent
and reliable.
Table 6. Overall Results of the X Variable
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha
N of Items
.821
14
Source: Data Processed
Table 7. Overall Result of Y Variable
Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha
N of Items
.757
14
Source: Data Processed
Based on the table of reliability test results above, it can be seen that Cronbach's Alpha for
each variable, namely Physical Change (X) obtained an Alpha value of 0.821, while the
Anxiety variable (Y) was 0.757. Thus it can be concluded that the measurement of reliability
r
count
> r
table
where r
table
on a sample of 66 people is 0.244 at a significance level of 5%. This
states that Cronbach's Alpha value is reliable. Information about the Alpha value if Cronbach's
Alpha is between 0.70 - 0.90 then high reliability.
Correlation Test
Data collection is done by distributing questionnaires. The questionnaire distributed is in
the form of a statement with a measurement scale using a Likert scale. The formula used to get
the correlation coefficient value is the Product Moment correlation formula. The results of the
study are shown in the following table, made in manual calculations with the result:
N = 66
∑X =1442
∑Y =1448
∑XY =32116
∑X
2 =
33672
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∑Y
2 =
33064
Based on the data above, to find out the correlation value between variable X and variable
Y, the author uses the Product Moment correlation formula as follows:
rxy =
=
=
=
=
=
= 0.286
Based on the results of the Product Moment correlation above, the correlation value of
Physical Changes and Anxiety is 0.286. The interpretation of the strong or weak relationship
that occurs can be seen in the following table:
Table 8. Interpretation of Product Moment Correlation Index Score
The Magnitude of "r"
Product Moment (rxy)
Interpretation
0,00 – 0,199
There is a correlation between the variables X and Y, but the
correlation is so low that the correlation is perpetuated (it is
assumed that there is no correlation between the variables X
and Y).
0,20 – 0,399
There is a Low correlation between variables X and Y
0,40 – 0,599
There is a Medium correlation between variables X and Y
0,60 – 0,799
There is a strong correlation between variables X and Y
0,80– 1,000
There is a very strong correlation between variables X and Y
Source: Data Processed
Based on the interpretation of the Product Moment correlation index above the rxy value
of 0.286, this value indicates that between variables X (physical changes) and Y (anxiety) there
is a low correlation between physical changes and anxiety in premenopausal women.
Hypothesis Verification
After obtaining the correlation value of the variable X and variable Y, the next step is
hypothesis testing. Based on the results of the questionnaire data analysis, the correlation values
between X and Y variables are:
Ho = There is no relationship between physical changes and anxiety in premenopausal women.
Ha = There is a relationship between physical changes and anxiety in premenopausal women.
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t =
=
=
=
=
= 2.387
By examining the table for the value of "t" Product Moment, it turns out that a df of 66 is
obtained by a t-table at a significant level of 5% of 1,668. It turns out that the t-count which is
=2,387 is much larger than the t-table which is 1,668. Because t-count is greater than t-table,
then Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. Thus, the hypothesis is that there is a relationship
between physical changes and anxiety in premenopausal women.
Premenopause is a transition period experienced by women when they are about to enter
the end of menstruation (Menopause) which is around the age of 40-55 years (Astutik &
Supardiman, 2016). Where at that time there was a decrease in the levels of the hormones
estrogen and progesterone, causing various changes in premenopausal women such as irregular
menstrual cycles, hot flushes, and so on, causing physical changes. The physical changes that
occur related to premenopause have a deeper meaning for women's lives. At this time, for some
women, it is considered a loss of the essence of their feminine core, because she is no longer
able to have children. This feeling is often felt in women who are about to enter menopause,
so they tend to cause anxiety.
The author argues that premenopause anxiety will arise when women feel various changes
in their bodies which are new things for them and lack of understanding about health, especially
about premenopause so that they will consider these changes a dangerous disease from that
factor in the end it will happen. worry. Physical disorders will cause anxiety because it is a
threat to physical integrity that will affect the individual's self-concept.
The result of the statistical test of Product Moment correlation is 0.286 with t
count
of 2,387.
So that the correlation value is low between the X variable and the Y variable and based on
tcount has a significant relationship between the X variable and Y variable.
CONCLUSION
The results of data analysis and discussion can be concluded that there is a relationship
between physical changes and anxiety in premenopausal women in Kalasey 1 Village,
Mandolang District, Minahasa Regency. The author suggests conducting more research on this
field since it is better to acknowledge more regarding how physical changes and anxiety affect
people.
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