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CHARACTERIZATION OF FTIR IN GRAPHITE FROM PALM OIL

WASTE WITH FERRIC CHLORIDE CATALYST

Rinette Visca

, Mubarokah Nuriaini Dewi, Alvira Liviani, Bima Dwi Satriawan

Faculty of Industrial Technology, Jayabaya University, East Jakarta, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia

viscairsyad96@gmail.com

PAPER INFO ABSTRACT

Received: August

2022

Revised: August

2022

Approved: August

2022

Background: Indonesia has various sources of graphite in large quantities.

One of them is palm oil waste. Palm oil is a horticultural crop that acts as the

largest non-oil and gas foreign exchange contributor in Indonesia.

Aim: This study aims to synthesize graphite from oil palm trunks with a

catalyst through the pyrolysis method.

Method: This is an experimental research which eventually generated

qualitative data to be analyzed. Oil palm trunks are dried in the sun, then

crushed into powder with a grinder and sieved to 200 mesh. Graphite was

synthesized using a carbonization step at 500°C. Impregnation using 3M

ferric chloride (FeCl

), with a concentration variation of 10% and 30%.

Further activation at a temperature of 900°C for 3 hours.

Findings: The results synthesis of graphite powder were washed with

hydrochloric acid (HCl) and distilled water repeatedly to obtain relatively

pure graphite. Graphite characterization includes Fourier Transform Infrared

Spectroscopy (FTIR). The results of FTIR analysis showed that graphite

contains functional groups O–H, C–H, C–O, C≡C, and C=C.

KEYWORDS

carbonization, ferric chloride, FTIR, oil palm trunks, pyrolysis

INTRODUCTION

Indonesia has a variety of sources of graphite in large quantities. One of them is palm oil

waste. Palm oil is a horticultural plant that acts as the largest contributor to non-oil and gas

foreign exchange in Indonesia (Darmawan et al., 2021). Graphite can be categorized into two

types, namely natural graphite and synthetic graphite (Chung, 2002). Natural graphite is usually

a result of the processing of carbon compounds during metamorphosis and occurs in

sedimentary metamorphic rocks. Synthetic graphite can be processed from high processing

temperatures of amorphous carbon (Dovbeshko et al., 2002).

Palm trunks contain organic compounds such as cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose

(Saputri & Sukmawan, 2020). Organic compounds can be used as a source of graphite with

further processing processes (Kusumattaqiin et al., 2020). Palm oil can be used as a raw

material in the manufacture of graphite because it has a carbon content (Thebora et al., 2020).

Because of the valence numbers possessed by carbon atoms, graphite can form many allotropes

(Ningrum et al., 2020). Carbon allotropes that have been known to date are graphite, diamond,

fullerite, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and graphene (Honorisal et al., 2020). Graphite is

difficult to dissolve in water, is not easy to burn, and has good thermal, mechanical and

electrical properties (Mahmudah & Kusumawati, 2020)

Previous studies have reported that synthetic graphite requires high-temperature

processing parameters almost in graphite synthesis. This suggests an extremely high

temperature is necessary to increase the mobility required by the carbon atom into a graphite

crystal lattice. In short, synthetic graphite is produced from the high-temperature processing of

Characterization of FTIR in Graphite from Palm Oil Waste with Ferric Chloride Catalyst

1356 Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 1(11), Aug 2022

amorphous carbon materials. There are many types of materials used as precursors to produce

synthetic graphite including coal, petroleum, and natural and synthetic organic matter

(Taufantri et al., 2016).

Wulandari et al. (2017) edict is synthesized by heating graphite powder at a temperature

of 1000ºC. Wachid et al. (2014) reported that the sample was placed on a crucible and dried at

a temperature of 110 °C then continued with an activation phase with temperatures of 400°C,

800°C, and 1000°C and a residence time of 3 -5 hours. Perdani et al. (2021) mention graphite

obtained using a time variation of 1-3 hours at a temperature of 600°C. Graphite was

characterized using FTIR indicating the presence of functional groups C≡C, C=C, O–H, C–H,

and C–O. Therefore, this study aims to synthesize graphite from palm trunks by catalyst

through the pyrolysis method.

METHOD

Research Method

This research was experimental and ultimately produced qualitative data that could be

examined.

Tools and Materials

The main material used in this study was palm oil stem waste obtained from one of the

palm oil mills. The chemicals used include FeCl

, HCl, and aqueous. The tools used are

furnaces, analytical balance sheets, litmus paper, desiccators, Petri dishes, and Buchner

vacuums. The instrument used in this study was the Infrared Spectrophotometer (FT-IR

Shimadzu).

Procedure

The trunk of the palm is dried in the sun, after drying it is smoothed with a grinder and

sifted to the size of 200 mesh. Graphite synthesis uses the carbonization activation stage at a

temperature of 500°C. Carbon is neutralized with NaOH 1M and rinsed with aqueous to pH 7.

Activated carbon is dried in a 110°C oven for 24 hours and then sifted using a sieve.

Impregnation using ferrous chloride (FeCl

) 3M, with concentration variations at 10% and 30%

(v/v). Furthermore, graphitization at a temperature of 900 °C for 3 hours in the furnace. The

synthesis results in the form of graphite powder washed with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and

aqueous repeatedly to neutralize the pH in obtaining relatively pure graphite. Litmus paper is

used to determine the pH of graphite. Characterization of graphite using an FTIR

spectrophotometer at a wave number of 4000-400 cm

-1

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The FTIR spectrophotometer is used to analyze the functional group of graphite. The

results of the characterization of FTIR on graphite samples are shown in figures 1 and 2. From

the two samples, it was detected that all graphite samples had a C=C bond. Absorption peaks

in figure 1 were found in wave number 1514.19 cm

-1

while figure 2 was in the wave number

1512.26 cm

-1

which showed the C=C bond as a characteristic of the graphite vibration band.

From the graph, it can be seen that the smaller the size fraction, the higher the wavelength

absorbed will be. This is following the research carried out by Nandiyanto et al. (2019) and

Characterization of FTIR in Graphite from Palm Oil Waste with Ferric Chloride Catalyst

1357 Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 1(11), Aug 2022

Allaberdiev (2002) mentioned that there is an absorption of the C=C bond at the wave number

1510 -1620 cm

-1

Some carbon functional group absorption bands were detected at wave number 3730.40

-1

indicating the absorption of the O–H group; at wave number 2875.02 cm

-1

indicating the

presence of a methylene vibration group C–H, and at wave number 2310.82 cm

-1

indicating the

presence of an acetylene group C≡C; at wave number 1291.40 cm

-1

indicating the presence of

a C–H group, and at wave number 1144.80 cm

-1

there is a C–O group.

Figure 1. Graphite FTIR spectrum with FeCl

10% (v/v)

Figure 2. Graphite FTIR spectrum with FeCl

30% (v/v)

CONCLUSION

The synthesis of graphite from palm stem waste is carried out through the carbonization

stage and the pyrolysis stage. Graphite characterization includes Fourier Transform Infrared

Spectroscopy (FTIR). The results of the FTIR analysis showed that graphite contains functional

groups O–H, C–H, C–O, C≡C, and C=C. However, it is expected that more researchers take

interest in analyzing this topic since the application can stretch to many other objects as well.

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