approximately 70% of the population, are from Burma, Bamar, Shan, Kachin, Kayin, Kayah

(Karenni), and Chindan Mon. Besides there are also Muslim Rohingya. Muslim Rohingya is a

minority ethnic living around Arakan, conterminous with Bangladesh (Yumitro, 2017). Even

if Muslim Rohingya have lived in Arakan for a long time, Myanmar society deems them as

outsiders. Myanmar Government has been doing discrimination against Rohingya since around

1970. The government expelled many Muslim Rohingya. In 1589, Myanmar admitted 135

ethnics in Myanmar, except Rohingya. At that moment, they considered Rohingya illegal

immigrants from Bangladesh (Albert & Maizland, 2020). Being a stateless citizen causes

Rohingya ethnic difficulties in getting their rights as ordinary citizens. Based on previous

already existed as a part of the region in Myanmar a long time ago. So, they cannot consider

Rohingya as stateless.

person already stay for a long time in that region or as long as a person is still in the same area,

they cannot determine that person as a stateless (Achiron, 2014). The Myanmar government's

decision about the stateless Status of Rohingya will only put Rohingya even in a worst position.

The majority in Myanmar will do discrimination against Rohingya and put more pressure on

them. Therefore, it is essential to diminish stateless status in every country so that every country

can minimize the number of conflicts also violence.

Buddhists in the area killed seven Muslims in Rakhine (Fuller, 2012). The attack continued

from June to October 2012, and this action got support from the local government. The local

authority also spread hate speech to Rohingya and asked them to leave the area. Due to the

high mass killing of Rohingya, most Rohingya Residents flee and evacuate. In June, the death

toll rose to 200. Besides, the number of Rohingya refugees in Indonesia was recorded to drop

to 282 refugees.

Rohingya Muslims. UN World Food Programme also sent medicines and other human help,

but the Myanmar government did not let it in (Holmes, 2017). Government officials prohibit

access to food, drug, sanitation, and shelter, especially Ankachin.

among Rohingya is contrary to the human security concept that the state must fulfill. As a

social institution, the state should protect all social groups, including minorities, to keep them

safe. While fulfilling state security, concern for individual and the community are also

necessary. With the completion of the security concept, every individual should be free from

fear, get what they want, and have freedom of dignity (Mardila, 2020). However, in Rohingya

cases, the Myanmar government is becoming the root of insecurity.

minority and affect state security stability. Insecurity threatens and attacks Rohingya, making

them want to leave Myanmar and seek sanctuary so they can continue their life with freedom

to live and freedom of fear. On their run, they use a small boat through the sea.

them want to stay. Most of them choose to flee to Malaysia from Indonesia even though it will

risk their lives. Some did not hesitate to pay 6000 ringgit or around 20 million rupiahs to get

smuggled into Malaysia, carried out by local people in Aceh (BBC Indonesia, 2022). It means

some factors affect them to decide Malaysia as their destination country. The decision to choose

Malaysia as their destination, the standard of living, experience, and environmental factors

drive them, including from Indonesia, where local Indonesians help them flee.

unintentionally trigger a violation of Rohingya fundamental rights. Furthermore, it also gives

a bigger chance to the majority to discriminate against a minority which is Muslim Rohingya.

Discrimination and violence that happened simultaneously encouraged Rohingya to flee to

other countries.

Rohingya. That condition puts such pressure on Rohingya, especially in elections, where

Rohingya cannot vote for their choice in Myanmar. This action also brings fear for Rohingya

because they are also connected to discrimination and violence from BuddistRakhine, where

Rohingya. For example, in marriage cases, a Rohingya couple named Maungdaw and

Buthidung allowed only two kids to the Myanmar government.

headscarf as a part of the marriage requirement. It makes Rohingya feel uncomfortable with

that law because the headscarf is a part of their religion. Also, in education in 2012, most

Rohingya found difficulties applying to universities in Burma. Even the different education

standards between Rohingya and Myanmar. Because of it, some of them who already graduate

or have experience in teaching will voluntarily teach other stateless Rohingya people (Cupi,

2021). They do that because they want to help their community, so it can be helpful for them

to look for a job in the future. However, when they want to apply for a job, they will find it

escape from Myanmar by boat will endanger them. Many Rohingya refugees ended up in the

sea and died. Some of them get to turn back and live in uncertainty in the ocean.

distance 50 miles away from Aceh Coast, Indonesia. Most of them on the boat are women and

children (Cunningham, 2021). Mostly, they threaten to commit suicide or burning themself if

the authority turns them back to Myanmar (Yulika, 2021). Though Indonesia has not ratified

the Agreement on Refugee, the Indonesian government still wants to rescue the Rohingya

refugee for humanitarian reasons. Saving and putting Rohingya refugees in detention indirectly

government transfers them to proper facilities, even though they still have limited facilities.

for refugees. For the transfer process, the Indonesian government is also concerned about how

refugees can live with the local community without conflict (Lusiana & Maruto, 2022). It

needed to be considered because it happened in Aceh. There, the local community battles with

the refugee due to the refugee wanting to escape from Aceh to Malaysia. The local community

in Aceh said they already expel 114 Rohingya refugees with a statement that the refugees were

getting angry.

2022). Even the refugee in Pekanbaru tries to escape even though they already have decent

Learning theory says that someone will adapt to their environment's behavior through

observation behavior of another person (PennState, 2014) so that it can be understood that

humans behave according to their surrounding environment. In this case, refugee usually

spends most of their time with the refugee community. Their previous situation in Myanmar

also constructs the interaction between them because they face the same condition in Myanmar.

As a result, their behavior as a refugee is to get their interest, such as getting the fundamental

rights they do not get while in Myanmar. Their purpose in life, in their perspective, is to get

safe, freedom from fear, and a good life. The social and cognitive process can be the primary

point of comprehending human behavior. Hence, we can see their motivation, emotion, action,

choice, and way of thinking. It is in line with Bandura's theory, which argues that human agency

including beliefs, expectations, and personal character (Westin, 2022). In social cognition,

there is a causal model involving triadic determinism. Three factors drive the behavior such as

environment (E), individual (P), and behavior itself (B) (Abdullah, 2019).

the chart below:

theory. It relates to dynamics and individual reciprocal interaction by learning their experience,

environment, and behavior as a response to reaching their goal or interest (LaMorte, 2019).

This concept from Albert Bandura can be used to see the causal dynamic between the

environment and the internal factors of the individual itself. This concept also refers to how

individuals act and how that act can influence society (Hossain & Ali, 2014). For the Rohingya

escaping case, we can use this chart to see how their behavior and environment can influence

each other.

spending the syndicate, they escape camp by jumping from a fence in detention. Twenty-six

refugees do the same steps, which were recorded on CCTV while running. Even it was also

followed by eight refugees after. All of them have the same destination, which is Malaysia.

They said that their goal in Malaysia due to have families member there. Also, they have the

Rohingya communities in Malaysia. It makes them expect to live better in Malaysia like their

families are already succeeding there (Syukur, 2022). From dynamic personal factors, it can be

seen that refugees have similar steps and expectations. Similar destinations and expectations

that the refugees haveis result in learning another habit in their environment. So, it resulted in

the same behavior.

that individuals in Rohingya refugees try to learn from their society and unintentionally imitate

their behavior. This instrument also puts a condition where we can put the agent-like syndicate

as a support environment factor that encourages the refugee to make an escape plan. Another

state that influences their decision is the refugee does not have certainty while waiting in the

camp. The environmental situation makes it easy to connect to the syndicate, and unpredictable

life in a camp is a core factor for the environment that encourages refugees to take risks to

escape.

Acting to make contact or make a phone call to their family is a step they take before running

away.

safe place, so they do not need to rush to get away from the transit camp. However, the

interaction between Rohingya refugees has triggered other factors, such as their choices.

Similar behavior among Rohingya also resulting similar expectations and knowledge. Most

refugees define their freedom as “running away to places they expect to be ideal places to live

and start their life.” Limitations of knowledge have also influenced their expectation and

behavior. Rohingya as a refugee, have limited information. They act without considering a risk

they can meet while running. Some do not know when to wait until they can go to their

an alternative, people are usually influenced by a cognitive process. Thus, it argues that social

cognition is often connected to the 'Choice' of the person. Every decision should have some

alternative to consider. Rational choice theory is used when the person starts their decision

process. Thus this theory is used to analyze the decision-making process. The choice concerns

every individual's condition (Amadae, 2016). In this theory, when individuated in this process,

they will take external factors as an option, but when they decide to do such action, they will

put their desire and interest as dominant roles. It happened because humans always expected

high results that gave them an advantage in the future. Therefore, indirectly, individuals will

taken from Thomas Hobbes (Leviathan) (Nickerson, 2021). Another assumption that came

from Abell stated that the individuals had done action. Individu also moves society and always

act rationally (Ogu, 2013). It means that rational choice theory always refers to individualism,

which can be used to analyze societal phenomena.

a similar decision. Besides, Abell also argued that individuals and social activities are based on

the desires of individuals and reffering to their well-being (Ogu, 2013). That assumption is in

line with human nature, which puts humans as selfish When they want to reach their well-

clarifies that sometimes a person makes unpredictable choices due to unforeseen situations.

Therefore, they will choose another alternative they reason that possible to implement. It is

also essential to use because it can analyze the unpredictable choice of individuals. Though

most Rohingya in detention have similar steps and expectations, some refugees choose a

different action because they have certain factors where the factor could be an obstacle while

implementing similar behavior.

desires, beliefs, and information. Desires as a factor mean 'want' based on individual emotion,

where that emotion will activate action and become part of their motivation. In some aspects,

desire will move, referring to their social identity. Rohingya refugees put themselves as a

community under much pressure while trying to fulfill their fundamental rights. Because of it,

they expect to move to a safe country to get their rights without an obstacle quickly. They also

Malaysia is a place that has a Rohingya community which almost reached 100.000 people. A

family member or the spouse takes responsibility for their life" (Nurman, 2022). Another story

comes from Rukiyah Hatul (20 years old), who wants to visit Malaysia to meet her relatives

(Rappler, 2015). It is assumed that the refugee chooses to flee instead of stay in detention

because they already have a goal and expectation to trigger their action. They also have an

emotion of hope that they live better with their partner or family in Malaysia. They want to live

with their relatives or partners without being separated by distances and rules.

they can get there without waiting for the refugee status process. Instead of considering the risk

of Violating the law, they choose to escape recklessly based on the belief that they have the

right to a better place and life. Moreover, they are confident that the international community

will help them achieve their rights. They also believe that information about skipping the status

determination of refugee status can speed up their action for achieving their goal. Refugees

choose this alternative because it can Speed up their time, rather than just waiting for uncertain

decisions. In an interview, a staff of UNHCR, Mitra Suryono, "The Rohingya refugee is a

minority that have a poor and pitiful life so that they will seek a better future for themselves

and their family (Tambunan, 2021). The information from their relatives about getting a better

rationale. Rohingya refugees decide to stay instead of run away due to their rationality about

the risk. On the other hand, refugees keep choosing the alternative to running away because

they already consider the consequences and about high security in detention. They prefer to

take all consequences because, rationally, they think its better than just living in uncertainty in

custody or possibly returning to Myanmar. Some implications of each alternative are that they

can die but every choice has a different result. The research analyzes possible options that

refugees have are:

alternative. Because some refugees have Strong beliefs about escaping, they keep running away

amid the risk that they already predict.

an option related to their beliefs. While doing an action should be based on desires, and wishes

can be given a solid reason to lead the actor. Besides that, desires themselves should have a

connection with beliefs. Beliefs create a rational option to convince actors so they have

justification. The justification will come from information that they get before. So, it can be

that drives them has an underlying explanation. Their habit that is socially constructed among

Rohingya refugees could be one explanation. In the Rohingya case, they did not have a limit

of fear, and there is something that structure drives them to have the same goal and no

boundary. In this case, we see the construction not from culture; instead, it is already

constructed on their primary point of view through imitating behavior and perspective

surround. In doing an action amongst choice, it is not enough to depend on imitating

community behavior. There should be an emotion that drives their choice. It is in line with the

fact that there is Rohingya refugee that choose to waut and stay rather than run away. Their

emotion and rationality have encouraged them to wait until the administration process is done.

While others also have a feeling that leads them to run away because they want to meet their

Abdullah, S. M. (2019). Social cognitive theory: A Bandura thought review published in 1982-

Achiron, M. (2014). Nationality and statelessness: Handbook for parliamentarians No. 22.

Aguiar, F., & de Francisco, A. (2009). Rational choice, social identity, and beliefs about

Albert, E., & Maizland, L. (2020, January 23). The Rohingya Crisis.

Amadae, S. M. (2016). Rational choice theory. https://www.britannica.com/topic/rational-