P-ISSN: 2808-0467

E-ISSN: 2808-5051

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1866

KNOWLEDGE, PERCEPTION, AND PARTICIPATION OF

PROBOSCIS MONKEY HABITAT BUFFER VILLAGE

COMMUNITIES, CURIAK ISLAND AREA

Amalia Rezeki

, Gusti Muhammad Hatta

, Yudi Firmanul Arifin

, Rizmi Yunita

Doctoral Study Program of Agriculture Science, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, South

Kalimantan, Indonesia

2,3

Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan,

Indonesia

amaliarezeki@ulm.ac.id

PAPER INFO ABSTRACT

Received:

January 2023

Revised: January

2023

Approved:

January 2023

Background: Indonesia has the third largest biodiversity of primate fauna in

the world with 61 species, and there are 38 endemic primate species from

these 61 species. One of the endangered endemic primates is Proboscis

Monkey which is the mascot of the fauna of South Kalimantan. Proboscis

proboscis conservation efforts are the responsibility of all parties, including

the community. Community concern and participation are indicators of the

success of proboscis monkey conservation.

Aim: This study aims to analyze the condition of the socio-cultural aspects

of the local community around the proboscis monkey habitat in the Curiak

Island area through knowledge, perception and community participation.

Method: Descriptive method with purposive sampling was used. Meanwhile,

the research instruments were in the form of questionnaires distributed to the

public and direct interviews.

Findings: The results of this study show that public knowledge of the

existence of proboscis monkeys and their habitat on average exceeds 50%;

people's perception of the existence of proboscis monkeys and their habitat

on average exceeds 50%; and community participation in efforts to protect

proboscis monkeys and their habitats by more than 80%.

KEYWORDS

knowledge, perception, participation, proboscis monkey conservation

Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-SA 4.0)

INTRODUCTION

Proboscis monkeys became the mascot of South Kalimantan Province based on the Decree

of the Governor of South Kalimantan No. 29 of 1990. Proboscis monkeys are primates endemic

to Kalimantan with a limited population distribution only found on the island of Kalimantan

covering 3 countries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei Darussalam. Proboscis monkeys

are arboreal primates that inhabit various types of wetland habitats. Proboscis monkey habitat

types such as mangroves (Bismark, 2002; Kartono et al., 2008), Riparian (Zainudin & Rezeki,

2016; Suwarto et al., 2016; Selpa et al., 2019; Atmoko, 2020), Rawa Gelam (Iskandar et al.,

2017). Morphologically, proboscis monkeys are unique compared to other primates, such as

their bodies filled with blond hair, having a long high nose hanging from male proboscis

monkeys, and having swimming membranes on their fingers and toes. Proboscis monkeys

belong to primates that have high sensitivity, so they belong to key species and biological

indicators. The intolerant nature of proboscis monkeys to habitat destruction, makes them even

more endangered (Bismark, 2009).

Knowledge, Perception, and Participation of Proboscis Monkey Habitat Buffer Village Communities, Curiak

Island Area

1867 Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 2(4), Jan 2023

The decline in the proboscis monkey population is due to many factors, such as the

destruction of proboscis monkey habitat which is experiencing a lot of pressure due to the pace

of development, forest conversion and forest fires. The narrowing and deterioration of the

quality of proboscis monkey habitats is directly proportional to the decline in proboscis monkey

populations. Poaching and wildlife trade are other contributing factors to the decline in

proboscis monkey populations (SBI, 2017). Conflict between humans and wildlife is one of

the threats that results in a decline in the population of several types of wildlife. Conflict

involves the seizure of limited resources by humans and wildlife in an area that causes harm to

these wildlife or humans (Dickman, 2010).

The rapid extinction of proboscis monkeys must be balanced with appropriate conservation

efforts. Proboscis protection from legal aspects has been launched by the Central Government

to Local Governments. Since 2013, the Minister of Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia issued

Regulation No. P.56/Menhut II/2013 dated October 30, 2013, concerning the strategy and

action plan for the conservation of Proboscis Proboscis (Nasalis larvatus Wurmb.) Year 2013-

2022. Decree of the Director General of Natural Resources and Ecosystem Conservation

Number SK. 180/IV-KKH/2015 dated June 30, 2015, on the designation of twenty-five priority

endangered animals to increase their populations by 10% in 2015-2019. Renewal of the

regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia Number

P.106 of 2018 concerning protected Plant and Animal Species.

The form of Local Government Policy, in this case the Provincial Government of South

Kalimantan, is stated in the form of Governor's Decree number 188.44/0400/KUM/2017

concerning the formation of a South Kalimantan proboscis monkey and orangutan conservation

team, then the Governor's Decree No. 188.44/0522/KUM/2018 regarding the formation of a

task force team to combat conflicts between humans and wildlife in South Kalimantan. The

government policies mentioned are still not optimal implementation, it needs cooperation from

all parties, namely synergy between the government, communities/communities and the private

sector.

The keyto proboscis proboscis conservation is to protect its habitat. The proboscis monkey

population in South Kalimantan is not only spread over 13 conservation areas, but is more

outside the conservation area. Proboscis monkey populations that are outside the conservation

area must be rescued immediately because they are vulnerable to alih habitat function. The

habitat status of the Curiak Island area is an area outside the conservation area managed by the

Indonesian Proboscis Friends Foundation since 2017 in collaboration with Lambung

Mangkurat University and Barito Kuala Regency. The area with an area of 11 hectares is a very

representative area as a wetland ecosystem area, namely riparian mangroves. The proboscis

monkey population in the Curiak Island area, experienced conditions with a population curve

in the form of a Pasu pyramid, namely the number of adult proboscis monkeys is more than the

number of proboscis monkey saplings. The results of the study conducted by Zainudin &

Rezeki (2016) showed that the probability of death percentage is higher than the percentage of

births. Efforts to protect proboscis monkey habitat outside the conservation area require

appropriate management strategies in accordance with the characteristics of the habitat. One of

the efforts to conserve proboscis monkeys is by increasing community awareness and

participation to jointly protect the habitat and population of proboscis monkeys and other

wildlife. However, apparently, there has been no previous research discussing this topic.

Knowledge, Perception, and Participation of Proboscis Monkey Habitat Buffer Village Communities, Curiak

Island Area

1868 Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 2(4), Jan 2023

Therefore, this study aims to analyze the condition of the socio-cultural aspects of the local

community around the proboscis monkey habitat in the Curiak Island area through knowledge,

perception and community participation.

METHOD

The researchers used qualitative approach to target those who live and do activities in the

area around the Curiak Island, Barito Kuala Regency. Respondents were determined using the

purposive sampling method, having criteria, namely the community who are members of the

Curiak Island Tourism Awareness Group (Pokdarwis, Kelompok Sadar Wisata), represented

by 60 respondents who are active around the Curiak Island proboscis research station area,

Barito Kuala Regency. The instrument used in this study was a questionnaire (Closed direct

questionnaire with 60 people who were active around the Curiak Island area as samples) and

interviews (With the same target respondents). The researchers then analyzed the data by

concluding the result to make a bigger yet specific picture of the circumstance.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Man as an individual and social being takes everything from his environment as an attempt

to satisfy his needs. Efforts to maintain balance with the environment the community has

norms, values or rules that have been applied for generations which are local wisdom.

Awareness to raise and re-explore local knowledge or local cultural wisdom is motivated by

the economic and social progress of the world community which is currently accompanied by

various environmental damage, including water crises, critical land, and various events that

indicate damage to water and soil resources. More and more days, there is an increase in both

the area and intensity of land and environmental resource degradation as well as pollution in

the biosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Indigenous knowledge or local cultural wisdom

as an accumulation of collective experiences from generation to generation needs to be

developed as part of enriching and complementing the assemblies of sustainable future

technological innovations, including for nature conservation.

The rise of human populations and the rapid conversion of forests to agricultural land have

largely had a negative impact on primates by reducing and isolating their roaming areas and

increasing the likelihood of overlapping both spatial and ecological. This is inseparable from

the existence of forests that are used by the community. The problems faced in forest area

management are related tothe community's activities to meet their needs (Robbins, 2001;

Siagian, 1995; Sembiring, 1998). They have generally lived traditional lives for generations

(Manullang, 1999) and most of them live at a very subsistence economic level (Awang, 2005).

Therefore, the success of forest area management as animal habitat depends largely on

community attitudes and support both at the local and national levels (John et al., 1993). The

type of ecosystem used by the community in the Curiak Island area is the riparian mangrove

ecosystem. Riparian mangrove forest is a unique ecosystem, rich in nutrients and is a habitat

for various animals, including primate animals, namely proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus),

long-tailed monkeys (Macaca facicularis) and langurs (Trachypithecus cristatus). The

typology of the riparian mangrove ecosystem is also used by the community as agricultural

land so that it is prone to conflict between the two. This causes the proboscis monkey habitat

Knowledge, Perception, and Participation of Proboscis Monkey Habitat Buffer Village Communities, Curiak

Island Area

1869 Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 2(4), Jan 2023

in the Rawa Gelam swamp to be narrower because it is inoculated by the community so that

proboscis monkeys are increasingly pressed.

Profile of Proboscis Proboscis Habitat Buffer Villages and Communities

The Curiak Island area is administratively included in the Anjir Muara District, Barito

Kuala Regency, South Kalimantan Province. The area of Anjir Muara District is 116.75 km

Around the Proboscis Proboscis Research Station-Curiak Island area, there are 3 (three)

proboscis monkey habitat buffer villages included in Anjir Muara District, namely Marabahan

Baru Village, Anjir Serapat Muara Village, and Anjir Serapat Muara Village 1. Type 3 villages

are wetland ecosystem areas located close to the mouth of the Barito River. A complete

overview of the village can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1. Geographical Overview of Proboscis Proboscis Habitat Buffer Village

Village

Coordinate

Points

Area

(KM

)

Subdistrict Area (%)

Village

Status

Marabahan Baru

LS 3,2085;

BT 114,5524

5,00

4,28

Developing

Anjir Serapat Muara

LS 3,2127;

BT 114,5388

4,00

3,43

Developing

Anjir Serapat Muara 1

LS 3,2191;

BT 114,5345

15,00

12,85

Developing

Source: Processed Secondary Data (2021)

In the Building Village Index (IDM) there are five (5) classifications of the status of

progress and independence of villages, namely independent or very developed villages

(Sembada Village), Advanced Villages (Pre-Sembada Villages), Developing Villages (Madya

Villages), Disadvantaged Villages (Pre-Madya Villages), and Very Disadvantaged Villages

(Pratama Villages) (Kemendes, 2022). The status of the three villages based on (IDM) belongs

to the category of developing villages. The Building Village (Desa Membangun) Index is used

by the Government as a tool to measure the development status of a village, so that the

necessary policy recommendations will be more targeted. Developing Village (Desa Madya)

is a village that has social, economic and ecological resources, but has not optimally managed

it. Developing Village is a village that has an IDM of ≤0.7072 and >0.5989. The indicator set

developed in IDM was developed based on the conception that to achieve developed and

independent villages, it is necessary to have a sustainable development framework in which

social, economic, and ecological aspects become forces that fill each other and maintain the

potential and ability of villages to prosper village life.

Policies and activities for the development and empowerment of rural communities must

produce equity and justice, be based on and strengthen local and cultural values, and be

environmentally friendly by managing the potential of natural resources in a good and

sustainable manner. Social, economic, and ecological resilience work as dimensions that

strengthen the movement of processes and the achievement of development goals and

empowerment of rural communities (Kemendes, 2022).

Knowledge, Perception, and Participation of Proboscis Monkey Habitat Buffer Village Communities, Curiak

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1870 Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 2(4), Jan 2023

In terms of topography and soil structure, three villages are located at an altitude of 0.2 m

– 3 meters above sea level, which is a relatively flat lowland area with predominantly swampy

conditions with tidal swampy beds. In addition to the topography and soil structure, the climatic

conditions of the region can also be seen in Table 2.

Table 2. Climatic Conditions of Anjir Muara District

Climate Components

Average

Temperature (

26,7

Humidity (%)

88,0

Wind speed (m/s)

3,7

Air pressure (mb)

1007,6

Amount of precipitation (mm)

357,3

Number of rainy days (days)

Solar irradiation (%)

20,6

Source: Processed Secondary Data (2021)

Topographic conditions coupled with the climatic conditions depicted in Table 2 are

suitable conditions as tidal rice farming areas, fisheries, land and water transportation. The use

of swampland as an agricultural business is still limited, so the opportunity to increase the role

of this land in the future is still quite large as a source of agricultural growth (Sudana, 2005).

Mud in the field is something very important besides rooting rice. The plant desires fertile

muddy soil with a thickness of 18-22 cm. Mud serves as a nutrient provider, making it easier

for rice to be peranakan, especially in tidal marshlands where mud comes from overflowing

rivers originating from upstream which contain a lot of nutrients (Mawardi et al., 2018). The

inland fisheries sector is also one of the fields that can be developed optimally to support the

improvement of the economy of rural communities. The geographical location of the village

adjacent to the mouth of the barito river is advantageous in the inland fishery sector.

Level of Knowledge of the Society

Surveys and interviews of respondents were conducted during November 2021 –

December 2021. The number of respondents in each village is 20 people with a total of 60

respondents. The selection of respondents was carried out using the purposive sampling

method, namely selecting samples based on criteria, namely tourism-conscious community

groups and fishermen who live in the buffer village of the Proboscis Monkey habitat of Curiak

Island. Theincrease in public knowledge about proboscis monkeys and their habitats is an

important component to identify people's knowledge and insights into the existence of

proboscis monkeys and their habitats. Knowledge is a collection of facts formed through a

sensing process that is constantly evolving and changing, Changes in knowledge are influenced

by several factors such as internal factors and external factors. Internal factors include

education, employment, and age, while external factors include the environment and socio-

culture. Respondents were grouped by gender, age, level of education and type of occupation.

Demographic data of respondents can be seen in Figure 1 below.

Knowledge, Perception, and Participation of Proboscis Monkey Habitat Buffer Village Communities, Curiak

Island Area

1871 Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 2(4), Jan 2023

Figure 1. Demographic Respondent Data

Source: Processed Primary Data (2021)

The demographics of respondents in the three villages in the sex group are more

predominantly male with a figure of 75% compared to women with a percentage of 25%. The

most age of respondents was over 40 years old by 50%, then 47% who were in the age range

of 20-40 years, and respondents who were less than 20 years old were 3%. The respondents'

education level was mostly at the high school/equivalent level with a percentage of 38%, 32%

at the junior high/equivalent level, 22% at the elementary/equivalent level, and the percentage

of strata-1 education level was only 8%. The respondents' occupations had a percentage of 27%

as self-employed, 25% as fishermen, 25% as farmers, 15% as housewives, 5% as employees,

3% as teachers. The level of knowledge of the community can be seen in Figure 2.

JUMLAH LAKI-

LAKI

JUMLAH

PEREMPUAN

RESPONDENT'S SEX

Series1

MEN WOMEN

SD SMP SMA S1

RESPONDENT'S EDUCATION

Series1

15 15

3 2 9

RESPONDENT'S JOB

Series1

<20

TAHUN

20-40

TAHUN

>40

TAHUN

RESPONDENT'S AGE

Series1

YEARS YEARS YEARS

Knowledge, Perception, and Participation of Proboscis Monkey Habitat Buffer Village Communities, Curiak

Island Area

1872 Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 2(4), Jan 2023

Figure 2. Respondent's Knowledge Level

Source: Processed Primary Data (2021)

The characteristics of the respondent have a closeness to his participation role. The higher

a person's level of education, the easier it will be to reject or accept new things (Sofiyudin,

2016). The inherent relationship between poverty, the benefits of biodiversity and gender and

the simultaneous implications of the series requires a multidisciplinary and holistic approach

and gender understanding to achieve sustainable results.

Conservation efforts that have been carried out to preserve the presence of primates in their

natural habitat can be carried out in-situ (in natural habitats) and oak-situ (outside natural

habitats). These conservation efforts can be technical, educational, and persuasive. Educational

conservation efforts are aimed at making the community have awareness and concern for the

conservation of natural resources and all their problems who have knowledge, attitudes,

expertise, motivation and commitment to participate in solving conservation problems

(Dewobroto, 1995).

Public Perception

Community perceptions are needed in every forest and small island management program,

including to combat human disturbances to wildlife. A deep understanding of the preservation

of proboscis monkeys is very important in order to protect the existence of proboscis monkeys

from extinction in their natural habitat. Respondents' perceptions of proboscis monkey

conservation and their habitat can be seen in Figure 3.

tahu

tentang

bekantan

tahu

tentang

kawasan

pulau

curiak

mudah

melihat

bekantan

tahu

bekantan

dilindungi

jenis

habitat

bekantan

jenis

pakan

bekantan

tahu

kelangkaa

n pohon

mangrove

status

kawasan

Series1

100% 0% 100% 0% 75% 25% 100% 0% 100% 0% 100% 0% 55% 45% 73% 27%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Percentage

Respondents' Answers

People's Knowledge

Know about

Proboscis

monkey

Know about

Curiak Island

area

It is easy to

see

Proboscis

monkey

Know that

Proboscis

monkey are

protected

Know about

Proboscis

monkey's

habitat

Know about

Proboscis

monkey's

food

Know about

Mangrove's

scarcity

Know about

the area's

status

Yes

Knowledge, Perception, and Participation of Proboscis Monkey Habitat Buffer Village Communities, Curiak

Island Area

1873 Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 2(4), Jan 2023

Figure 3. Respondents' Perceptions

Source: Processed Primary Data (2021)

In the results of the research of Sengupta et al. (2021) stated that many factors can affect

people's perception of primate conservation. Research conducted in Telagawarna (Indonesia)

and Japan showed that management regimes, socio-demographic characteristics, previous

experiences related to interactions with primates and feeding influenced people's interest in

visiting primate sites. The success of conservation efforts itself is determined by the

cooperation of all parties such as the government, scientists, environmental activists, the private

sector and the community itself.

The need for community involvement is because the community itself has the most contact

with wildlife in its natural habitat. As is known, primate animals in Bangka Belitung live a lot

in community plantation areas such as rubber. It has led to the public's understanding and

concern for primate conservation efforts that are needed to realize the goal of conserving

primate animals in their natural habitat.

People's perception will result in an assessment of attitudes. The factors that influence

perception are attention (Usually not capturing the entire excitatory that is around us at once,

but focusing attention on the object only. Differences in the focus of attention between one

another will cause differences in perception), a person's mental readiness for stimuli that will

arise, needs (Momentary or sedentary needs in the individual will affect the perception of the

person. Different needs will cause perceptions for each individual), value systems (Value

systems that apply in a society also affect perception), and personality types (Personality

patterns owned by individuals will produce different perceptions point in connection with it,

the process of forming perceptions is influenced by one's perception of one's perception

between one person and others are different or also between one group and another).

An individual is influenced by two elements, namely, elements that come from their

environment and elements that come from themselves. Environmental elements include

organizations, work groups, types of work, and personal life backgrounds, while elements that

come from themselves are in the form of skills and abilities, personality, perceptions, self-

attributes, attitudes, values, and ethics.

90%

22%

40%

17%

82%

85%

45%

0% 0% 0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Persentase

Respondents' Answers

Respondents' Perceptions

Yes No

Knowledge, Perception, and Participation of Proboscis Monkey Habitat Buffer Village Communities, Curiak

Island Area

1874 Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 2(4), Jan 2023

Perceptual barriers mainly occur in the process of forming perceptions i.e. the tendency of

the individual to develop a separate person, so the individual wants to appear or look different

from usual so that he perceives things differently, the individual receives proper confirmation.

The individual perceives something because it is influenced by certain factors that he did not

expect before, as a result of which the individual is not able to foresee his perception so that he

acts inconsistently with the habit. This circumstance will affect the individual's perception of

others because the individual experiences distortions of reality and situations.

Community Participation

Participation is the process of growing awareness of the interrelationships between social

groups and communities by taking policies and other service institutions, participation can be

defined as a process by which all parties can form and be involved in all program initiatives

and activities. Participation can also be defined as a willingness to help the program succeed

according to everyone's abilities without having to sacrifice their own interests (Syahyuti,

2006). Respondents' participation in efforts to conserve proboscis monkeys and their habitats

can be seen in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Respondent Participation

Source: Processed Primary Data (2021)

Participation is an activity that is integrated in each individual in which there is a process

of suppression of the stimulus received or felt by the individual sensory apparatus and this

process always takes place at all times, because in participation it is an integrated activity, then

everything that exists in the individual such as feelings, experiences, thinking ability, frame of

reference, and other aspects that exist in the individual will play a role in perception the

(Nawawi, 2013).

Participation is also interpreted as voluntary involvement of people without pressure and

far from orders, as stated by Koentjaraningrat in Solekhan (2006) that community participation

in the implementation of development emphasizes more on one's own conscious will to carry

out development activities through self-help mutual aid and voluntary donation. Participation

15%

0% 0%

25%

75%

42%

0% 0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

Percentage

Respondents' Answers

Respondent's Participation

Yes No

Knowledge, Perception, and Participation of Proboscis Monkey Habitat Buffer Village Communities, Curiak

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1875 Interdisciplinary Social Studies, 2(4), Jan 2023

is defined as the mental/thought and emotional/emotional characteristics of a person in a group

situation that encourage him to contribute to the group in an effort to achieve goals and take

responsibility for the business concerned (Sulistiyorini, 2015).

The forms of participationcarried out by each citizen are members of community groups,

involving themselves in group discussion activities, involving themselves in organizational

activities to encourage other community participation, mobilizing community resources,

taking part in the decision-making process, and utilizing the results achieved from its

community activities (Mardikanto, 2013; Dwiningrum, 2015).

CONCLUSION

Public knowledge of the existence of proboscis monkeys and their habitat is on average >

50%; public perception of the presence of proboscis monkeys and their habitat is on average >

50%; and community participation in efforts to protect proboscis monkeys and their habitats >

80%. The percentage of knowledge, perception, and community participation can be a positive

indicator to support the preservation of proboscis monkeys. In addition, it is necessary to take

follow-up steps to the efforts of local governments that plan to establish proboscis monkey

habitats outside the conservation area as essential ecosystem areas, starting with various

activities, such as public awareness of proboscis monkey conservation programs, community

empowerment to support proboscis monkey conservation. In addition, future research are

expected to surface more insight or variables affecting proboscis monkeys’ conservation,

especially in Indonesia, since they are categorized as endangered animal.

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